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The

\fol 155. No 19

Week ending November 10, 1996
..iitouh wept)

Hollow victory
may come to
haunt Clinton

BILL CLINTON appeared vir-
tually assured of a second
four-year term as Amcricnns
went to the polls on Tuesday,
writes Martin Walker. But
despite a frantic last-minute
campaign blitz, he seemed to be
heading for a hollow victory,
with the Republicans retaining
control oF Congress.

The race tightened as unde-
cided voters, particularly in the
South, appeared to plump for
the 73-year-old Republican
challenger Bob Dole.

The president's personal tar-
get was to achieve a moral man-
date with more than 50 per cent
uf (he popular vote, but last-
ininutc polls suggested that the
hope of a Clinton landslide had
been stopped in the South.

While Mr Dole (seen right, in
Iowa) completed 96 hours of
non-stop campaigning In his
home town of Russell, Kansas,
Mr Clinton invested his final
(lays In helping Democratic
candidates In the congressional
elections. If his party (ails to
regain both Houses it will be a
personal setback and herald a
difficult second term.

PHOTOGRAPH: TIMOTHY CLARY

The US this week, page 6
Washington Post, page IS

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Mobutu spurred by Zaire conflict

Chrla McQreal In Qlsenyl

PRESIDENT Mobutu S6s^
S6ko of Zaire will soon return
home after finishing treat-
ment for cancer in Switzerland, his
spokesman said on Monday, as
France and Spain urged interna-
tional intervention in his country,
Urgent contacts began this week
between several governments over
ending the conflict in eastern Zaire,
after Zairean Tutsis supported by
Rwandan troops captured the main
border towns.

The leader of one of the main
rebel factions fighting there called a
ceasefire to allow aid Workers to
evacuate refugees.

__ Mr Mobutu’s ' spokesman,
Kabuya Lumuna, said the Zairean
jeader had prostate cancer surgery
in a Swiss clinic on August 22. His
therapy ended on October 30 and
he would be in France briefly before
flying home.

Hundreds of thousands of people
have been displaced or trapped by
hvo weeks of fighting between
Zairean troops and ethnic Banya-
niulenge Thtsls who took up arms
after being threatened with expul-
smn from Zaire. Rwanda is believed
to be backing the Ttitsl rebels.

French President Jacques Chirac
and the Spanish prime minister,

Jos£ Maria Aznar, agreed at a sum-
mit in Marseille to “unite their ef-
forts" and prepare a “temporary
effort to ensure security”.

“The two counfries mil take part
in an international meeting to pre-
pare this operation to which they
are prepared to contribute and
which should be decided by the UN
Security Council," they declared.

France already has troops on
standby who could be used to estab-
lish corridors to deliver food, tents
and medical aid to a million
refugees In eastern Zaire, Hundreds
of tons of supplies are held at bases
in nearby countries.

The French medical organisa-
tion, M6declns sana Frontiferes,
which has been forced to withdraw
volunteers from the region, called
for immediate military intervention.
It warned that unless rapid action
was taken, thousands of refugees
would die!

European Unlpn and other West-
ern governments were confusedly
debating their reaction to the
French and Spanish call. Although
France appears ready to. send Its
own forces to the region, other EU
governments ^re ready, to provide
only Ibgiaticalsupporl

Even this limited role would de-
pend on any peacekeeping opera-
tion having the backing of the UN,

■$

,sO

Army’s hand seen
in Bhutto sacking

Zaire, Rwanda and the Organisation
of African Unity.

Laurent Kabila, leader of the Al-
liance of Democratic Forces for the
Liberation of Congo-Zaire, which
has seized swaths of territory in
eastern Zaire, said the ceasefire
“will give ithe aid agencies] security
so that they can land and use the air-
port at Kilimba, close to Uvira, as
well as in Goma, which is com-
pletely under our control".

Next year was supposed to be Mr
Mobutu's year. His main accom-
plishment as Zaire's president since
1965 may have been to . make his
compatriots poorer, hungrier and
more embittered, but there was
every prospect that he would win an
election he did not even want to
hold.

That was until last month. Now
Mr Mobutu is oiling In his French
Riviera villa while civil war is eating
away the anatomy of Zaire. He j
claims that only he can hold the
country together.

But no one is certain how long lie
will live. It. is one of the paradoxes of
Zaire that however reviled Mr
, Mobutu may be by spme of his com-
patriots, the prospect of hia death
contkuiecj on page 4 ,

Old comrade returns, page 6
Comment, page 12

Suzanne Qoldenberg In Lahore

ENAZIR BHUTTO was dis-
missed as Pakistan's prime
minister this week mul her
official residence in Islamabad en-
circled by troops. U is the second
time in her turbulent political career
that she has been sacked by the
country's president.

Bowing to pressure from political
rivals who accuse Ms Bhutto of cor-
ruption and mismanagement, l ’resi-
dent Fnruoq Leghari also dissolved
the government and tire national
and provincial assemblies and
called new elections far February 3,

The military, which has ruled
Pakistan for 24 of its 49 years since
independence, kept a low profile,
hut political observers said the pres-
ident could not have acted without
securing the approval mid co-opera-
tion of the generals.

Troops moved into the capital Is-
lamabad in the early hours to guard
key installations. Army units took
over the slate-run radio and televi-
sion stations, the telecommunica-
tions company, cabinet offices and
the prime minister's secretariat. All
the aiiports were closed.

The nimble of armoured person-
nel carriers could be heard at 10-
second intervals on the main streets
of Lahore, the seat of political power
in the country and the base of Ms
Bhutto's main opponent, the opposi-
tion Pakistan Muslim League
leader, Nawa2 Sharif.

The prime minister’s spokesman
said that Ms Bhutto had received a
letter from the president between
1.30 and 1.45am on Tuesday at her
official residence in Islamabad. Her
husband and investment minister,
Asif All Zardari, who has become a
symbol of the corruption allegedly
afflicting the government, was de-
tained by soldiers in Lahore.

Meraj Khalld, one of the founders
of Ms Bhutto's Pakistan People's
Party, was named interim prime
minister. He was the speaker of the
national assembly during Ms
Bhutto’s first government — dis-
solved in 1990 by the then president
— and was rector of the International
Islamic University in Islamabad.

MrKhalid left politics in 1993. He
was considered close to Ms
Bhuttp's estranged brother, Mur-
taza, who was shot dead by police in
Karachi in September — a killing
that rocked the already beleaguered
government.

President Leghari, who is the
supreme commander of the armed
forces under the constitution, wins a
long-time leader of -the Pakistan
. People's Party, and his appointment
as president in 1993 had been seen
as a boon for Ms Bhutto. However,
he became Increasingly dissatisfied
'.with her government, accusing her
of a lack of accountability, and of
trampling bn1 the independence of
the judiciary. The growing friction
became public in September, just

Tv , ‘ %

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Bhutto: dismissed by president

days after the slaying of Ms
Bhutto’s brother.

But while the president lias acted
oil a clause of the cnnsiiliiliuu Unit
gives him the power to dismiss a
government, there can be no doubt
Hint he lias done with the full
support of the army.

Ms Bhutto may have had an
inkling of what was coming. <Jn
Sunday, she had a meeting with the
president and the army chief, Cu*n-
uiil Jehangir Knramat. Her office
released nu statement after the
meeting. But on the same day, Ms
Bhutto made an overture to Mr
Sharif for a joint effort to repeal (he
constitutional clause allowing presi-
dents to dismfss prime ministers.

President Leghari had been
telling confidants that the army was
intent on a clean-up even if it meant
the fall of the Bhutto government.
Generals had drawn- up a list of
politicians, including Ms Bhutto and
senior officials in her government,
whom they wanted investigated.
Gen Karamat revealed the army hit-
list to the president more than a
month ago. It was believed to in-
clude the leader of the opposition
Muslim League, Mr Sharif, Ms
Bhutto add her husband.

Balkan voters
make their mark 1

Rough Justice for
Chinese dissident

Labour spat over
single currency

Students face
flexible future

Marcel Carn6
dies at 90

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Italy

AS3Q
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FM 10
FF 13
DM 4
DR 400
L 3.000

Malta - 60c

Netherlands G4.75
Norway NK 18
Portugal E300
Saudi Arabia SR 8.E0
Spain P 300
Sweden - SK10
Switzerland SF 3,30

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2 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

Keep faith with
humanitarian aid

Belgium in
trouble

/FEAR that Alex de Waal's passion
for cold truth and Ills mistrust of
the sentimental (Sorry St Boh, hut
it's time we banned aid, October 27)
has finally led hint to heights that
arc terribly barren. Perhaps it Is
true that aid ngencies need to use
publicity ploys to obtain resources.
It might even be true that currently
more money goes to the loud and
ineffective llinn to the quiet and
competent. However, are these
reasons to withhold our humanitar-
inn aid until someone is rendy to
certify what is "good work" and
what is "bad"?

I ugrec that big humanitarian oper-
ations have often adopted overly sim-
plistic nnalyses of the situations that
they seek In nddiess, but I cannot
ogrer that this means that we should
just give up. Rather, It seems in me,
we should strive to do better. Some
cx|iericiii‘(*l nid workers may on oc-
casion become jaded, but many more
;uv prepared to go on trying to im-
prove thr way things arc done, and
sometimrs some of them get a
chance to do so.

Perhaps Dr de Waal is frustrated
that the international community has
failed to pay due attention to some of
his own analyses, but l would urge
him — rather Ilian just giving up on
the whole thing — to redouble his ef-
forts to ensure that he is heard in the
fill lire.

It is certainly true that wc ur-
gently need belter mechanisms to
ensure the accountability of human-
itarian aid, and it may lie (lint
human rights organisations, such as
the one of which Dr de Waal is di-
rector, have u big rale to play here.
It is thus depressing to see one of
the more "aid aware" human rights
activists throwing in the towel- Dr
de Waal's thinking and writing used

to go beyond the "black or white". It
has in the past often been able to
illuminate the real world while re-
maining true to values that cherish
the right to decent lives of ordinary
people caught between the plans
and strategies of the distant and
powerful.

That he seems no longer able to
do so suggests that he has either
lost contact with the realities on the
ground or with his heart.

Simon Moliison,

Dhaka, Bangladesh

rO SUGGEST in your heading
that iL's time we banned nid
coincs close to being an example of
the media hype or disaster relief
charities' commercial which Alex de
Waal was discussing, limergency
nid is a complex issue, which such
simplistic headings do not clarify.

The article itself is helpful in out-
lining some of the complexities but
could have highlighted more the
very helpful l" discreet, publicity-
shy”) aid programmes that are
going on every day around the
world. I’ve recently seen such posi-
tive projects in India, where assis-
tance from Community Aid Abroad
(Oxfam in Australia) and other
agencies is bringing about real
change and providing hope for
many extremely disadvantaged
communities.

We would be extremely hard-
hearted not to respond to emer-
gency situations, but it is being
hard-headed to recognise that it is
the ongoing, un glamorous, day-to-
day giving which is most needed to
bring about sustainable community
development.

Don Gnbheti

Summer town. South Australia

THE removal of Jean-Marc Con-
nerolte from the inquiry into
the activities of Marc Dutroux and
his associates (Belgian fury at child
sex case sacking, October 20) sets a
remarkable precedent. Your corre-
spondent mentions a plate of
spaghetti and allows us to suppose
that Mr Connerotte had committed
an innocent mistake. Yet the presi-
dent of the cour de cassation ex-
plains that Mr Connerotte had not
shown impartiality and that "the im-
partiality of magistrates is funda-
mental".

Mr Connerotte is indeed lacking
in impartiality. He disapproves of
the sexual abuse of children. That
was the cause to which, on this
occasion, he lent his partiality. He
probably also disapproves of die
murder of children. There may yet
be one or two other magistrates
about who arc not impartial towards
murder. They should all be made to
stand down.

The concept of impartiality lias,
in the highest court in Belgium,
been shifted from persons — the
suspects — to principles. FYom now
on a magistrate should not be seen
to defend or uphold the law but
must always express an even-
handed ambivalence about it.
Charles Lock,

Professor of English Literature,
University of Copenhagen, Denmark

7%Guardian

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f WOULD like to respond to a rather
/ misleading statement in your arti-
cle on Belgium’s current and recent
horrors (Hercule Poirot is needed
back home, September 15).

"When Mr de la GuCrivifcre talks
about the “Tueurs Fous du Brabant
Wallon" of the mid-eighties, he says
that their aim may have been "to
destabilise Belgium”. This tends to
suggest that they were some kind of
ultra-left outfit trying to force the
state into showing its true repres-
sive colours, thereby jump-starting
a popular revolutionary response,
fndeed, there was in Belgium at the
lime a liny group — the "Cellules
Communistes Combattantes" —
that was supposed to be trying to
emulate its German or Italian coun-
terparts, though it was never deci-
sively established whether or not
this small leftist cell had been infil-
trated, manipulated, or conjured up
by people or agencies with a quite
different agenda.

But as for the Brabant killers, it
was often suggested that the aim of
this group with its quasi-military
techniques was to “show" the
dangers lurking below an affable
Belgian surface, and (he appalling
weakness of the ‘■security" forces,
thereby engendering a move to-
wards a more authoritarian regime.
Philippe Hunt,

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Sins of omission
on Nicaragua

I T IMS shocking enough that the
I only piece of news leading up to
the Nicaraguan presidential election
of October 20 was a pale piece of-
fered by the Washington Post’s
Douglas Farnh. 1 can remember
back in the days of t)ie Reagan ad-
ministration, anxiously awaiting my
Manchester Guardian in order to
learn more of the illegal war and ter-
ror wrought upon the people of that
small Central American nation:

In writing, "The Sandinistas,
whose socialist regime in Nicaragua
went from victory in a revolution to
defeat at the ballot box . . .“ Farah
seems to have omitted certain facts.
He would have one believe that the
election of Daniel Ortega as presi-
dent in 1984 never occurred.

I was in Nicaragua in November
1984, along with hundreds of other
journalists and international ob-
servers from around the world. No
fewer than seven parties ran in the
country's election for a president.
The Sandinistas had promised to
hold free presidential elections
within five years of their coming to
power after overthrowing the dicta-
tor Somoza in 1979. And they kept
their promise. With 68 per cent of
the vote, and an 88 per cent voter
turnout, Mr Ortega was duly
elected president.

Finding a democratically chosen
Mr Ortega as president unaccept-
able, the United States proceeded in
launching a full-scale war against
the Nicaraguan people. Hence the
election of Violeta Chamorro in
1990 came as no surprise to those of
us who have spent years trying to
expose the abuse brought upon that
nation by the US. By 1990, Nica-
raguans understood quite well what
sort of democracy the US was after
it was either the election of Mrs
Chamorro, or a continuation of the
contra war.

Given Nicaragua's history, 1 too
might have voted for an Arnoldo
Aleman in 1996.

Gregoryjacks,

Paris, France

Countdown to
catastrophe

-THANKS to Chris McGreal’s
/ clear accounts we can begin to
understand the complexity of the
current conflict in the Great Lakes
region of Central Africa. The signs
of impending catastrophe were obvi-
ous from the time the authorities —
UN and Zairean — allowed the
Hutu refugees, particularly the
rump of the Rwandan army, to re
tain their weapons.

Evideuce of the harassment of
Zairean Ttitsis was apparent even be
fore the refugees crossed the border
in 1994. Furthermore, the number of
returnees to Rwanda after the
Rwanda Patriotic Front victory far
exceeded any estimate. It was obvi-
ous then that Tutsis, who have for
centuries settled in Zaire, were being
forced to migrate to Rwanda. They
were not considered refugees by the
Internationa] community, which ap-
peared to be more concerned about
the return of Tutsi hegemony. By
1995 some observers were even be-
ginning to question whether the
genocide actually took place. A more
determined effort to punish those re-
sponsible would have enabled the
majority of refugees to look towards
a peaceful solution — be it repatria-
tion or settlement

The Hutu-Tutsi problem is a re-
gional one because these groups
are not confined just to Rwanda and
Burundi.

The UN appears impotent and
the UN High Commissioner for
Refugees has been using sticking
plaster when heart surgery is re-
quired. If some of the $1.4 billion
spent on the flawed humanitarian ef-
fort were used to support recon-
struction in Rwanda and the
international tribunal, we would be
witnessing more concerted at-
tempts (o promote peace.

(Dr) Patricia Daley,

Jesus' College ', Otfbrtl '

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 IGQd

Briefly

THE Palestinian euphoria over
the visit of French President
Jacques Chirac to the West Bank
and Gaza will subside as the every-
day harsh reality of poor progress
on peace negotiations continues.
Furthermore, the devastating clo-
sure of the Palestinian territories
imposed by Israel costs the West
Bank and Gaza economies $3 mil-
lion a day. But Chirac should at least
be credited for simply stating what
is an essential element to the
achievement of peace in the Middle
East: the creation of a sovereign
Palestinian state.

Peter Kiernan,

BirZeit University, West Bank

FIGURES quoted in Martin
Walker’s "The US this week”
(October 20) go to the heart of the
dilemma of modern democracy.
Two-thirds of American voters be-
lieve big business has too much in-
fluence in Washington. Most of the
big donors to the two dominant par-
ties say otherwise. The vast major-
ity of voters consider that corporate
greed is behind job insecurity; most
big donors deny it.

What could throw into starker re-
lief the way that Lincoln's "govern-
ment of the people by the people for
the people" lias been replaced by
government of the people by the
parties for whoever can buy them?
Dion E Giles,

Fremantle, Western Australia

I SUPPOSE it’s easy lo criticise
/ Mother Teresa and her co-work-
ers — in a laud where Social ami .
economic problems, along with a I
soaring population, make the whole [
scenario an absolute disaster — for i
not doing enough (October 27). Bui '
at least lo Mother Teresa the desti-
tute aiul dying are visible, worthy of
recognition and love and as much
help as possible. That there may be
flaws in her work is no doubt true,
for who among us mere mortals is
perfect?

Vincent Brcrelon.

Liverpool

\ A /HAT A narrow-minded view
Ir lr US companies have (Waul a
US Job? Prove You’re Clean, Octo-
ber 6) to fire people for testing posi-
tive for drugs. Though I certainly
don’t condone the consumption of
drugs, I agree entirely with Lewis
Maltby's statement that people
shouldn't be fired for what they do
on their day off, especially if «■
doesn't affect their job performance.
So much for the land of the free.

A PFear,

Porto Alegre, Brazil

MESSRS ASHDOWN, Blair and
Major pray to God. Wliy does
God send them different messages?
Aneurin Richards,

Trecelyn , Gwent, Wales

T&Ouartian

November 10. 1098 Vol 165 No 19

Annual subscription rales are £49 United
KJhgdom: E65 Europe Inc. Eire, USA and
Canada; £63 Rest of World:

Leitere to theEdltor and other adtorld^

correspondence lo: The GuarcBan WaeKty'
7d Farrlngdon Road. London .EG1 M 3™_

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1998

INTERNATIONAL NEWS 3

The Week

SAl
fo

Serbs buck voter trend in Balkans

forces have arrested 40 peo-
ple they believe were Involved
In the truck bombing of a US
military housing complex in
Dhahran In June in which 19
US air force personnel died.

Washington Post, page 1 6

SURGEONS in Moscow said
they had successfully com-
pleted a major heart operation
on the Russian president, Boris
Yeltsin. The operation lasted for
more than seven hours.

ORE than 300 East
Timorese serving in the
Indonesian army mutinied. The
revolt allegedly occurred outside
the capital, D1U, where the
troops had gathered to bury
(heir leader, killed in auspicious
circumstances.

THE Nobel peace laureate
Desmond Tutu threatened to
resign from South Africa's Truth
and Reconciliation Commission
if members of the ruling ANC
did not come before the tribunal
to reveal any wrongdoings and
seek amnesty for past human
rights abuses.

A TOTAL of 41 South Korean
students were hnnded down
sentences ranging from sus-
pended prison terms to 30
months in jnil for their part in
violent campus unrest in
August.

THE South African state
assassin Eugene de Kock
was jailed for life by a judge in
Pretoria who called his crimes
“chilling and calculated".

GILBERTO RODRIGUEZ
Orejuela, the jailed kingpin
of the Cali drug cartel, has
agreed to pay a $100 million fine
— the biggest in Colombia — in
a plea-bargain deal that could
lead to his early release.

Denmark apologised to

Salman Rushdie for mishan-
dling a visit by him to receive a
European Union literary award.
It was Initially banned on secu-
rity grounds and then resched-
uled after a storm of protest

A COURT dismissed a bail
plea by the former Indian
prime minister Naraslmha Rao
in a forgery case and gave him
until next week to appeal.

SPAIN'S supreme court de-
cided on a spilt vote not to
question or charge the former
Socialist prime minister, Felipe
GonztUez, in connection with a
"dirty war” agninat Basque
separatists in the mid-1980s.

Negotiations for an and-

bnllistic missile accord 1
that Russia and the US were
supposed to sign broke down,
sending a troubling signal to
Washington that Moscow no
longer considers the US its
natural strategic partner.

Julian Borger In Belgrade

PRELIMINARY results from
elections on Sunday showed a
significant swing against the
former communists governing in
Romania and Bulgaria, but Slobodan
Milosevic's regime in Yugoslavia
again showed itself impervious to
the region's political currents and
strengthened its control.

With most of the ballots counted
by Tuesday, Romania’s ruling Party
for Social Democracy had secured
only 23 per cent of the vote. The
centrist and social democrat opposi-
tion now look well placed to form a
coalition government.

In the parallel presidential vote,
Ion Iliescu, a former communist
who has run the country for the
past seven years, held a five-point

lead over his liberal challenger,
Emil Constantinescu. He faces a
second round on November 17.

Bulgaria's reformist opposition
easily captured the country’s
presidency. Pelar Stoyanov, a liberal
lawyer, beat Ivan Marazov, the
Socialist culture minister, by 20
points in their run-off.

'Hie post is mainly ceremonial,
and Mr Stoyanov will wield far less
power than the prime minister,
Zhan Videnov, a conservative for-
mer communist But the scale of Lite
setback will put more pressure on
Mr Videnov at a time of economic
crisis and doubt whether Bulgaria
has sufficient foreign reserves to
last the winter.

Only the Serbian president, Mr
Milosevic, and his wife Mirjana
Markovic, defied the trend. With

more than half the votes counted,
their United Left alliance of social-
ists and communists looked set to
win a dear majority in the Yugoslav
federal parliament, representing
Serbia and Montenegro.

Zajedno (Together), an opposi-
tion alliance of liberals and national-
ists, slumped to 23 per cent. The
biggest surprise was a strong show-
ing by the extreme Serb nationalist
Vojislav Seselj, whose Radical Parly,
standing alone, won 18 per cent of
the vote.

Together with the ex-communist
ruling parly in Montenegro, the
Serbian left is now likely to com-
mand n two-thirds majority in the
federal jierliament, possibly helping
Mr Milosevic to catapult himself
from the Serbian to the federal
presidency.

Britain floats forum for Middle East

Ian Black

RITAIN is proposing a new re-
gional organisation for the Mid-
dle East which would borrow from
the experience of cold war Europe
to overcome distrust between for-
mer enemies,

The Foreign Secretary, Malcolm
Rifkind, said in the United Arab Emi-
rates oh Monthly that such a body
could help resolve conflicts and
build confidence beyond the scope
of the Arab-Israeli peace process.

In a policy address designed to
raise Britain's profile in the region
after recent publicity-grabbing
French initiatives, he suggested
that an Organisation for Coopera-
tion in the Middle EaBt (OCME)
could help reintegrate “pariahs''
such as Iraq and Iran.

"Such an organisation would
evolve rather than spring fully
fledged into existence,'1 he said. “An
OCME would be open to all in the
region to participate. Some criteria
would need to be agreed, but since
the purpose would be to improve co-
operation and promote reconcilia-
tion, it would not make sense to be
too rigid."

Non-Arab countries such as
Turkey and Israel could be in-
volved. though diplomats admitted
it would be hard to establish co-op-
eration on human rights, frontier
disputes and national minorities —
the sort of issues dealt with by the
53-member Organisation for Secu-
rity and Co-operation in Europe'.

The OSCE has been widely criti-
cised as ineffective because it can
make decisions only by consensus.
But it remains the only security
body to include ail states in Europe
and link them with North America.

British officials said the United
States, Jordan and Egypt had been
consulted on creating a similar or-
ganisation for the Middle East.

Regional issues such as water,
arms control, and economic and en-
vironmental co-operation are being
discussed by Israel and the Arab
states, but little progress has been
made because of the sense of stale-
mate and crisis In the peace process.

Mr Rllkind also told his Gulf audi-
ence that Saddam Hussein had to be
contained, and blamed him for
blocking the long-awaited food-for-
oil deals which would bring the suf-
fering Iraqi people relief from
United Nations sanctions.

"I look forward to the day when
Iraq is no longer ruled by a regime
which ignores international organi-
sations and brutalises its own peo-
ple. An Iraq with a government
which fairly represents all the peo-
ple of Iraq . . . which fully observes
human rights ... an Iraq which can
rejoin the family of nations.''

Seeking to distance Britain from
US policy, Mr Rifkind insisted that
London did not want to Isolate
Tehran, but ho criticised its attempts
to develop midenr weapons, its sup-
port fur terrorism ami its continuing
threat to Salman Rushdie.

On Sunday the Foreign Secretary

visited Hebron, on the West Bank,
during a one-day tour of Israel and
the Palestinian territories. "Hebron
has become crucial to whether
there Is a future for the peace
process," he told reporters after
meeting the Israeli prime minister.
Binyamin Netanyahu. “Without He-
bron it is rhetoric,"

He told the mayor of Hebron:
“The British government believes
all Jewish settlements in the occu-
pied territories are illegal, and that
they should not continue . . . We be-
lieve the possibility of a Palestinian
state cannot be excluded."

• The Israeli government has an-
nounced proposals to build two Jew-
ish cities In the West Bank, bringing
100,000 more settlers to the dis-
puted area.

The project, the brainchild of the
infrastructures minister Ariel
Sharon, has not yet been approved
by Mr Netanyahu, who knows such
a large-scale scheme could com-
pletely scuttle the deadlocked peace
negotiations with the Palestinians.

A Palestinian Authority member,
Haidar Abdel Shafi, said on Monday
that (he proposals were “a call to
war**, and warned that Palestinians
would not stand by as Israel settled
their land. ' ■

11 built,- the two cities would
nearly double the Jewish settler
population, which • now stands nt
145,000, and make it more difficult
for Palestinians (o' establish a stale
in the West Bank and Gaza Strip,
where 2 million of them live.

His dominance seems to have
tittle to do with the state of the
economy. Red Cross figures show
that nearly a third of the population
are living below the bread line, the
lifting of trade sanctions has not
stopped tile fall in living standards,
ami many public-sector workers
have not been paid for months.

Diplomats and political analysis
attribute the scale of the Milosevic
win to the ruling party's efficiency
in mobilising voters, its rigid control
over the state media, and the fact
that the main challenger, Dragosluv
Avramovic, withdrew from the
Zajedno coalition, under mysterious
circumstances, less than a month
before the vote.

Other Zqjcdno leaders claim that
the regime's secret police black-
mailed him into pulling out.

An army of
children fight
adult wars

Victoria Brittain

A QUARTER of a million children.

some as young us seven, arc
serving in govern i will armies aiul
urnii-d (ip|M>silioii groups around the
world, according In Swedish Save
the Children Fund.

In a repuri published last week, ii
revealed (hat child •MddiiTS fought
in 33 wars Iasi year and had been
iimtiI us executioners, assissins.
spies mid informers. Based on re
search in 26 countries, the repuri
shows that children were often given
drugs and alcohol before fighting, in
Liberia, Sri Lanka and Burma,
children were seen throwing them-
selves into assaults “as (hough they
were inuiioilal or Impervious”.

Children carried out executions
in Burma, Colombia, Honduras,
Liberia, Mozambique, Peru and
Uganda, and others as young as 10
were used as assassins in Sri Lanka.

The report says children in Peru
were induced to cut Lhe throats of
those found guilty by people's
courts and to eat the entrails and
drink the blood of executed rebels.
In Colombia, boys and girls aged 12
and 13 were executed in front of
their peers, who were then forced to
drink their blood.

Brutalisation of recruits was stan-
dard, often involving the torture or
death of relatives in front of them. A
child captured by Renamo in
Mozambique and brained as a sol-
dier reported that “in captivity, my
Gather was used as a target diiring
the final tests of boys who were
being trained".

In Uganda, most child soldiers
had been ordered to torture, maim
or kill children or adults attempting
to escape. In El Salvador, Burnin,
Cambodia; Liberia and Ethiopia,
children were used ns spies or
Informers in front-line missions.
Many were caught and killed.

The' findings form part of a two-
year United Nations study, Children
and Wnr,' headed by Graca Machel,
'the widow of the former president
of Mozambique, The study will be
'presented to the UN General
Assembly later this month.'

A campaign hi curb the use of
child soldiers culminates In Geneva
in January, when' the UN Conven-
tion on the Rights of the Child will
be revised to make 18 lhe minimum
legal age for combntnnts.

• h

;V:.I

/: I."

-I

j!:k;

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1886

INTERNATIONAL NEWS 5

IjMSral

IMaa

‘■'*1

.AT THE ■

■A

DOLE’!.

—

, «

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1886

OBITUARY

Leader who roused a Tiger I Emperor of atrocities

Junius Jayawardene

JUNIUS Richard Jayawardene,
who lias died at the age of 5»0,
was prime minister of Sri
Lanka from 1977 to 1978, and presi-
dent from 197H to 1988. During his
term of office the Tamil separatist
movement developer! from sporadic
nets of violence into a full-scnle civil
war. Yet Jayawardene was n devout
Hurirlhisl who was also deeply influ-
enced by (lie teachings of Mahalma
Gandhi, including non-violence.

He claimed to he n man of peace,
with a genuine respect for demo-
cracy. Yet he turned the first country
in south Asia to enjoy full adult suf-
frage into a virtual one-parly state.

Horn into the highest echelons of
whal wns then a very stratified soci-
ety Jayawardene attended the Law
School at Colombo university, hut
chose to enter politics. Ik-fore inde-
pendence he rose rapidly in the Cey-
lon National Congress. After
in<le|M-!ideiice he joined (he United
National Party, whose aim was to
represent moderate opinion and to
bring about n consensus between the
three main communities — Tamils,
Sinhalese Buddhists, and Christians.

But tension arose between llu*
majority Sinhalese Buddhists and
tin* Tamils over language and rdu
cation policies, Jayawardene o|v
poM-d n pact between the prime
minisii-r and the Tamils1 leader and
headed a march lo Kandy, cnpilal uf
the former Sinhalese kings and :i
city sacred lo Buddhists. The

Juyuwardenc: devout Buddhist

Tamils were never to forget that
march and the communal violence
which broke unt in 1958 ns a result
of the turmoil created hy jayawar-
dcnc's opposition to the pact will)
tile Tnmiis. Many historians believe
this was the beginning «f the reso-
lute refusal of the Sinhalese to coun-
tenance any form of federalism.

Jayawardene remained tin* UN P’s
chief strategist both in and out of of-
fice but Ik* only became the leader
after electoral defeat in 1970. He
came to power in 1977 wiih a mas-
sive majority. He devalued the
rupee and scrapped controls <m for-
eign investment. Unfortunately Ids
|K>licies revived inflation and led to
unpopular cuts in Sri Lanka's gener-
ous welfare provisions. Within three
years there was n general strike.
Jayawardene called out the army and
let loose his imrty storm troopers.

Claiming that reforming Sri

Lanka's economy needed strong
government, he altered the consti-
tution and was elected the first ex-
ecutive president. But the economic
revolution ran out of steam and
Jayawardene found himself em-
broiled in the Tamil insurgency.

The turning point came on July
23, 1983, when Tnniil Tiger sepa-
ratists killed L3 Sri Lanka suldicre.
The next day when the bodies were
brought bnck to Colombo to be cre-
mated Tamil property was attacked.

Jayawardene did unt impose n
curfew for more than 21 hours. U
was four days before the president
spoke publicly, and then lie justified
Lin* killing uf Tnmiis by saying it wns
a iintupl reaction by the Sri
lankans Ut attempts lo divide their
country, lli.it was taken as an i*n-
courngenieiil to riot, and the vio-
lence erupted again on what has
conn* to be known as Black Friday.

Jayawardene opted f«v a military
solution but never hud any chance
of success. In 1987 he hnd in accept
the humiliation of allowing the In-
dian army to lake charge of the war
against the Tamil Tigers.

The lioxi year In* meekly ac-
cepted the limitation of two terms
impused by die constitution he had
introduced, retired, and from then
oil scrupulously avoided any in-
volvement in politics.

Mark Tiilly

Junius Rlchord Jayawardene,
p‘ jliticiar i, I >u! 1 1 Septet i ibei 1 7,
1906: died November t, 1996

Jean-Bedel Bokassa

JEAN- Bedel Bokassa, who lias
died of a heart attack at the age
of 75, was une of the most notorious
figures of modern African history.
He took over die Central African Re-
public in 19UG. declared himself Em-
peror in 1977, and managed to hold
on to the title uulil French troops
deposed him in 1979. In the course
of his rise to be wh;it was in effect
Africa's “last, emperor" he was re-
sponsible for much brutality.

As emperor, lie drew world op-
probrium fur ordering the killing of
schoolchildren who had been jailed
for protesting at the compulsory
wearing <>f school uniforms made in
factories In* owned.

Bokassa was burn in Buhmigui in
the I nbayc- District uf what was
then Oiihungui-Chari, <>m* nj tin*
poorest l-'nmcophcmr colonies
when* limber and rubber compa-
nies lleiil brutal sway, lie enlisted in
the French colonial army al the age
of 18 in May 1939.

When he left the unity in 1961. the
Territory nt Oubmigui-Chari had
already become independent ns tin*
Central African Republic, and
President David Dncko called on
Hokassn to help form the in (unt
army, lie msc to become head of
Dacku's military cabinet and then,
in lin'd, chief of gnieral staff. Hut by
July liJtifi Im Ii.kI been sent in senii-
disgrace lo Paris.

It is said that the “c»up of St
Sylvestre" (December 31, liuifi) was
engineered by the French because

of Dacko'a incompetent and increas-
ingly unpopular rule, but was not in-
tended to bring Bokassa to power.

In 19RG he inherited a country al-
ready on the brink of bankruptcy,
and left it in similar condition in
1979. Megalomania increasingly
took over. In 1974 he made himself
Ufe-Presiclent and in 1975 Marshal,
in the manner of Napoleon, who was
the model when lie proclaimed him-
self Emperor in December 1977.

'lhe cynicism of the French to-
wards Bokassa haunts this period
and illuminates France's [Hisl-colo
iwnl t>pl\erv of influence. White
Bokassa was oil n visit to Libya, the
French moved pncalroojw into Ban-
gui in September 1979. Then* was u«>
resistance, but also nu jubilation at
such n n i m>-c oh mini humiliation, 'llu*
cuuiitry I ins ap(n*ai'ed to In* reuuUcly
eoiilrolied from Paris ever simv.

Hokassn wmi into i-xile in Ciile
d'Ivoire when* lu- proved an embar-
rassing and indiscreet guest until lie
lied to France. I till he became in-
creasingly hoi itvsick and event ually
walked on lo a Hungiii-hiiuini plane
in Brussels in October 198(1. He was
immediately arrested and put on
trial for murder and cinhr/xlnm-nl.

Hr was fmiml guilty of murder
and sentenced lo dentil by firing
squad but his sentence was com-
muted lo forced labour for life, lie
was released in lpyil.

Kaye Whltomon

Joan-Bni M Boka'&ti. unity • -trn.«r
iincl politician, her h February JL.
1921; died November i. 1M96

IF T S FOR FRIENDS IN

RITA IN

at Christmas and throughout the year

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G10 Thirty Daffodils

Thirty golden Daffodils with foliage in a gift box.

Available from Christmas to Easter. £12,40

G1 1 Flowers & Chocolates

Nine long stemmed carnations with i 50g luxury
handmade chocolates. £22.75

G1 2 Personalised Christinas Cake

A delicious 1.3kg cake covered with Marzipan
and decorated with Regal Icing and seasonal
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Your personal message will be inscribed on the
cake in Royal Icing (up to five words). £18.95

G 1 3 Sherry & Christmas Cake
A bottle of Harveys Bristol Cream Sherry and a
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TO ORDER Please state your name and
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PRICES are quoted in £ Sterling and include
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CREDIT CARDS We accept Visa, Mastercard,
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G14 French Gift Box
Two popular French wines a soft full red and a
medium dry white. Cotes du Rhone, Louis Bonard
1994, Anjou Blanc, Henri Vallon 1994. £19.55

G15 English Cheese Basket

lOOg blue Stilton, lOOg Double Gloucester,
lQQg Farmhouse Cheddar, lOOg Applewood
Smoked Cheddar and 75g Oatcakes. £18.45

G16 Wine & Cheese Basket

Abottte of Muscadetde Sevreet Maine 1 994, 225g
Double Gloucester Cheese and 250g Walkers
Oatcakes. Packed in a palm leaf basket. £19.80

G17 Luxury Pate, Cheese & Wine Basket
A bottle of Louis Bonard Cotes du Rhone 1994, a
250g Mull of Klntyre Scottish Cheddar Cheese, a
225g Red Leicester Cheese, L40g blue Stilton,
80g Jensens Luxury Liver Pate, 125g Bizac Quail
Pate with Juniper and 250g Walkers Oatcakes.
Packed in a palm teaf basket. £29.45

G18 Vintage Port and Stilton
A bottle of Dows Late Bottled 1989 Vintage Port
and 170g blue Stilton In an attractive ceramic
jar. Packed in a palm teaf basket. £32.60

G19 Celebration Gift Basket
A bottle of Muscadet de Sevre et Maine 1994,
227g Sliced Smoked Scottish Salmon, a bottle of
Dows Late Bottled 1990 Vintage Port, 170g jar
fine blue Stilton and 200g Truffle Chocolates.
Packed in a palm leaf basket. £65.95

G20 Cake, Biscuits & Candy
A 4D0g Walkers Luxury Dundee Cake, 150g
Cadburys Chocolate Biscuits, 200g Chocolate
Chip Biscuits, 150g Shortbread Petticoat Tails,
180g Soft Dairy Cream Toffees. 200g
Chocolate Mint Cremes, lOOg Cadburys Roses
Chocolates and 5 After Eight Mints. £22.90

G21 The Strand

400g Beaverlac Dundee Cake, 400g Beaverlac
Christmas Pudding, 6 Mince Pies with Beamish
Stout, 19Bg Derwent Turkey Roll, 198g
Derwent Cooked Ham, 425g Baxters Chicken
Broth, 410g Epicure Peach Slices, 34 Og Black
Cherry Jam, 454g Roses Orange & Lemon
Marmalade, 200g Epicure Dry Roasted Peanuts,
150g Shortbread Petticoat Tails, 200g
Chocolate Chip & Hazelnut Biscuits, lOOg
Cadburys Roses Chocolates and 200g Piasten
Exclusive Chocolates. £27.00

G22 Christmas Gift Basket

Half bottle Sandeman Claret Bordeaux 1992,

1 75g Fudges Christmas Stollen Cake, 220g
Coles Traditional Plum Pudding with Cider, 70g
Dues de Gascogne Pate, 1 lOg Brandy Butter,
227b Arran Apricot Preserve with Almonds &
Cinnamon, 225g Waxed Red Leicester Cheese,
75g Walkers Highland Oatcakes, 125g Lyclls
Sugared Almonds and 1 50g Bendicks Mint
Crisps. Packed in a palm leaf basket. £34.40

G23 Festive Gift Basket
A bottle Chateau Haut Pougnan Bordeaux
Superieur 1993, 600g Rich English Decorated
Fruit Cake, 1 14g Sliced Smoked Scottish
Salmon, 170g Finest English Blue Stilton in a
Ceramic Jar, 75g Walkers Highland Oatcakes,
125g Colombia Coffee, 150g Patersons
Shortbread and 200g Luxury Truffle Chocolates.
Packed in a palm leaf basket. - £51.40

G24 Highland Hamper

113g Sliced Smoked Scottish Salmon, 250g
Mature Cheddar Cheese, 250g Walkers Cocktail
Oatcakes, 200g Milk Chocolate Shortbread,

22 7g Arran Mandarin Marmalade with
Cointreau, 227g Arran Strawberry & Rosehip
Preserve and a 400g Walkers Scottish Fruit
Cake. Packed in a palm leaf basket. £29,85

G25 YuletfdeFars
400g Beaverlac Royal Iced Greetings Cake,
200g Beaverlac Christinas Pudding, 454g
Derwent Cooked Ham, 1 98g Derwent Turkey
Roil, 43g Epicure Dressed Crab, BOg Jensens
Liver Pate, J98g Epicure Skipjack Tuna, 425g
Baxters Cream of Tomato Soup, 397g Epicure
Petits Pois, 400g Epicure Baby New Potatoes,
410g Hartleys Mincemeat, 410g Epicure Peach
Slices, 340g Hartleys Black Cherry Jam, 454g
Roses Orange & Lemon Marmalade, 22 5g
Waxed Double Gloucester Cheese, 200g
McVities Savoury Cheese Biscuits, 200g
Epicure Roasted Peanuts, 15Qg Patersons
Shortbread Petticoat Tails, lOOg Whittakers
Chocolate Mint Cremes and 200g Piasten
Exclusive Chocolates. £37.95

G26 Christmas Gift Box
A delicious selection of Christmas fare with
wine, cheese and handmade truffle chocolates.

A bottle Chateau Haut Pougnan Bordeaux 1993.
a bottle MuscBdet de Sevre et Maine 1994,

1 70g Fine Blue Stilton in a Ceramic Jar, a 225g ,
Red Leicester Cheese, 300g Walkers Oatcakes,
450g Coles Christmas Pudding with Suffolk Ale, '
1 lOg Brandy Butter, 1 25g Bizac Quail Pate,
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8 UK NEWS

Plot to rob cash dispensers
put banking system at risk

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1QB8

Luke Herding

end Christopher Elliott

A CONSPIRACY to steal hun-
dreds of millions of pounds
from cash machines was mounted
by an dllte team of criminals, it
emerged this week. The plan, had it
succeeded, would have crippled the
British banking system.

One of those involved was Ken-
neth Noye, who killed a policeman
in 1985. He is on the run — believed
to be in Russia — wanted over the
road rage murder last May on the
M25 of Stephen Cameron.

On Monday, seven conspirators
admitted at Southwark crown court,
south I/indon, I heir part in a plot
which would have undermined the
public’s confidence In cash dis-
pensers. it was claimed.

Ann Curnow QC, prosecuting,
said: “Had (lie conspiracy succeeded,
tiie banking system of this country
would have been put at risk.'1

The plan was discovered when a
computer expert the gang tried to
recruit went to the police. Police be-
lieve it could have been the biggest
theft in British history.

The seven are: John Uoyd, aged
57, of West Kingsdown, Kent; Paul
Kidd, 36, of Meophnm, Kent; Gra-
ham Moure, 32, of Erith, Kent;
Stephen Scion, 65, of Chislchurst,
Kent; Stephen Moore, 41, of Leyton-
stone, East London; William
HRward of Yatding, Kent; and John
Maguire, 36, of Moltingham, Kent.

Judge Geoffrey Rivlin QC ad-
journed sentence until December.
The seven admitted conspiracy to
steal cash from banks, building soci-
eties and financial institutions be-
tween January 1, 1995 and July 25,
1995. They face a maximum of
seven years in jail.

The gang intended to recruit cor-

rupt British Telecom employees to
tap into the lines that run between
cash dispensers ami the main bank-
ing computers, the court was told.
Confidential information would
have been downloaded and used to
make bogus cards.

Massive security surrounded the
case, with police marksmen sta-
tioned around the court.

Both Lloyd and Noye were sus-
pects in the £26 million Brinks-Mat
gold bullion robbery in 1983. It was
while undercover detectives were
searching Noye's Kent mansion for
stolen gold that he stabbed to death
Detective Constable John Fordham.

Noye, now 52, admitted stabbing
the detective 10 times after con-
fronting him in a garden at night,
but said he acted In self defence. He
was acquitted of murder and
manslaughter in 1986. Noye riisap-
penred hours otter the killing of Mr
Cameron.

After the Brinks-Mat robbery,
Lloyd left the country. But, Miss
Curnow said, when Lloyd returned
to Britain in the late 1980s the
Crown Prosecution Service decided
not to prosecute him.

Tie court heard that the conspir-
acy was foiled when computer ex-
pert Martin Grant, recruited by the
gang while serving 16 years for at-
tempting to murder his wife and her
child, confessed to a prison chap-
lain. He then made a statement to
Scotland Yard detectives. Tie police
raided Haward's home and found
five conspirators, including Lloyd
and Haward.

The judge said: "Police found
computer hardware and software
designed to encode plastic credit
cards with what purports to be rele-
vant account details of literally tens
of thousands of personal bank ac-
count holders.”

Mythical ‘new man’ hard
at work but not at home

David Brindle

THE cult of the “new man" lias
been exposed as a myth by re-
search showing that middleclass fa-
thers say they are doing more nt
home, but are actually doing less.

Faihers' increasingly long work-
ing hours — rather than the rise of
the working mother — is the main
enuse of the blight on family life in
the nineties, the study suggests.

More than one in four earning
fathers is putting in more than 50
hours a week at work and almost
one in 10 more than 60. Such men
are markedly less likely to help with
child care.

However, the- study of some 6.000
parents aged 33 shows that die
belli w-f iv ei age family contribution
of middle-class men cannot be ex-
plained purely by length of working
hours. Irrespective of hours
worked, the report says, "(lie most
highly-educated men, particularly
I graduates, played relatively little
pari in the care of their children”

The research, funded by the
Joseph Rowntrce Foundation, was
carried out by Elsa Fcrri and Kate
Smith of the social statistics research
unit at City university, London. It
was based on the National Child De-
velopment Study, which is tracking
all people born in one week in 1958.
Tile findings come from a survey

The Week In Britain James Lewis

No apologies, no regrets

TEN YEARS after caning was I Maclennan, the Lib-Dems' constitu-
effectively banned from tional spokesman, strenuously de-
Britain's state schools, the l nied that the move was intended to

of these people in 1991. It takes
years for researchers to sift through
such data. They, therefore, take no
account of continuing growth since
then of many men’s working hours,
job insecurity and other aspects of
the "flexible" labour market.

Whether mothers worked made
little difference to family cohesive-
ness, as measured by joint activities
such as meals. Much more signifi-
cant was (he effect of long hours
worked by the father as hours rose,
so the mother became more likely
to be solely responsible for child
care and the number of joint family
activities declined.

Tie report. Parenting In The
1990s. speculates that, at the age of
33, middle-class fathers are concen-
trating un career development ni the
expense of family life. It notes,
though, that shared parenting
emerged as most common among
couples both in full-lime work, a
group where qualifications and oc-
cupation nl class were highest.

"Tli esc apparently conflicting pat-
terns would seem to point to partic-
ular tensions for such parents in
reconciling (lie responsibilities of
employment and family life," says
the report, published by die Family
Policy Studies Centre.

Tie researchers call for more fam-
ily-friendly employment practices
and improved child-care provision.

TEN YEARS after caning was
effectively banned from
Britain's state schools, the
Education Secretary, Mrs Gillian
Shephard, provoked another inter-
nal Tory row when she told a radio
interviewer that, in her opinion, cor-
poral punishment could be a "useful
deterrent to bad behaviour in
school". She was speedily rebuked
by the Prime Minister and, although
the exchange was private, it was In-
terpreted in newspaper headlines as
"Major Gives Gillian Six of the Best”.

Later, in the Commons, Mrs
Shephard made no attempt to hide
her dispute with Mr Major, saying
she had expressed her personal
view, which was different from that
of the Prime Minister. Her new Edu-
cation Bill, published the following
day, contained no reference to the
cane, but the subject was suddenly
back on the agenda.

Newspapers promptly commis-
sioned opinion polls which found
large majorities of parents — 68 per
cent in one poll, 72 per cent in an-
other — in favour of bringing back
the cane. Rightwingers complained
that Mr Major was once again "out
of step with public opinion" in refus-
ing to back corporal punishment.
But they overlooked the fact that a
return to the cane would provoke
another conflict with the European
Court of Human Rights.

The whole affair was an example
of (he moral panic which has arisen
from isolated incidents — the stab-
bing to death of a headmaster and
an outbreak of trouble at two state
schools (srr page 9) — which hardly
add up to evidence that violent and
disruptive youngsters are tearing
apart the fabric of society.

But the silliness will continue.
David Shaw, the Tory MP for
Dover, is planning to tnblc an
amend nit- ill In the Education Bill re-
quiring governors of slate schools
to lay flown a dress code for their
staff, lo ban “un profess ion nl" items
such ns jeans and earrings.

LABOUR and the Liberal Demo-
crats embarked on the biggest
exercise in cross-parly co-operation
for 20 years when they agreed to
join forces to discuss a joint ap-
proach to constitutional reform.

Robin Cook, Labour's foreign
affairs spokesman, and Robert

Maclennan, the Lib-Dems' constitu-
tional spokesman, strenuously de-
nied that the move was intended to
lead to a pact, though the Tories
swiftly claimed it was.

High on the agenda will be dis-
cussions on an overhaul of Com-
mons procedures to smooth the
passage of measures, approved by
both parties, to allow Scottish and
Welsh devolution, regional govern-
ment for England, reform of the
House of Lords, a Bill of Rights, and
a Freedom of Information Act.

FOUR police officers, who
claimed they were mentally
traumatised after rescuing fans at
the 1989 Hillsborough football dis-
aster, in which 96 people died, won
their right to compensation in the
Court of Appeal. By a two to one ma-
jority, the appeal judges overturned
an earlier High Court ruling that the
men were not entitled to damages
for post-traumatic stress disorder
because they were “bystanders”,
not rescuers, and were not acting
beyond the call of duty.

The decision angered families of
the victims, most of whom have had
compensation claims turned down
either because they were not on the
scene of the Sheffield disaster, or
not related closely enough to the
victim.

The ruling will also rekindle de-
mands for reform of the law on
psychiatric injury, which the Law

Commission has criticised as “un-
necessarily restrictive".

In another compensation case,
eight former soldiers served writs
on the Ministry of Defence, claim-
ing that they were beaten and sexu-
ally abused while training in
Staffordshire in the early I990t
Tiey claim at least £100,000 each in
compensation.

RUTH NEAVE, a drug-abuser j
accused of strangling her six- ■
year-old son, Rikki, was cleared ot j
his murder but jailed for seven |
years after admitting cruelty. Mr
Justice Poppiewell said he had
rarely coine across a case of "such
systematic and such persistent cru-
elty to young children", and there
were demands for an inquiry into
the handling of the case by the Cam-
bridgeshire social services team
which had the boy on its "at risk
register but foiled to heed countless
warning signs.

Tie court heard that Ms Neave
had squirted wnshing-up lM“
down Rikki's throat; turned the bov
out of the house wearing only PVJ8-
mas in the early hours of a Decem-
ber morning when he was only
three; sent him out at night for
drugs; and had threatened to kill
him unless social workers agreed to
take him into care. He was eventu-
ally found dead in woods near his
home, strangled with his own anorak.

Ms Neave’s abuse of Rikki w®
not secret, nor was it carried out be-
hind locked doors on the rundown
estate near Peterborough. After ms
murder, horrific tales of what he
suffered at the hands of his mother
became evident and, although social
services say they were never aware
of her worst excesses, neighbours
say they reported them.

COUNCIL tenants convicted of
antisocial behaviour in the Lxj-
don borough of Wandsworth face
public humiliation if the local au-
thority goes ahead with a threat w
publish their names and distribute
them to local newspapers. But m
Tory-controlled council was crt^
cised for needlessly vilifying those
whom it had already prosecuted
And one local paper said it woUB
not print the names unless the coun-
cil paid for them to be published.

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1996

In Brief

UK NEWS 9

THE 30-year Westminster ca-
reer of former minister Sir
Nicholas Scott is in tatters after a
vote of no confidence by his local
parly officials saw him lose the
first, critical round in his battle
to retain the safe Tory seat of
Kensington and Chelsea.

THE Government’s Commons
majority has been reduced to
one after the combative MP,
Barry Porter, lost a battle
against cancer and died aged 57.

BRITAIN needs a Human
Rights Commission to moni-
tor abuses and help promote a
sea-change in political, social,
and administrative culture, die
Constitution Unit concludes.

EDITORS who pay prospec-
tive witnesses in criminal
trials for their stories and wit-
nesses who make such deals
could face jail under proposals
to strengthen sanctions against
chequebook journalism.

Diane blood, the widow

battling to have her dead
husband's baby, may be artifi-
cially inseminated abroad with
his sperm after a move by the
Humnn Fertilisation and Embry-
olngy Authority to reconsider its
bnn on the export of semen.

THE number of Aids deaths
fell last year from 1 ,336 in
1994 to 1,231 in 1995. Total
I deaths from Aids in the 10 years
from 1986 was 8,376.

THE draft Labour party mani-
festo was given a landslide
vote of endorsement by the
party’s rank-and-file member-
ship, leaving Tbry chairman, Dr
Brian Mawhinney, to denounce
it as *‘an Albanian plebiscite”.

NADIA ZEKRA, a Palestinian
woman charged with plant-
ing the car bomb that exploded
outside the Israeli embassy In
London in July 1994, was ac-
quitted after an Old Bailey judge
pointed to “serious inconsisten-
cies” in identification evidence.

THE Government is under
renewed pressure to review
fireworks legislation after two
juen died and once was badly
hurt over the weekend. Import
controls on fireworks were lifted
Jn 1993, since when Injuries
nave risen from 1 ,000 a year to
1.500.

Australia is the first coun-
try Britons would visit if
rooney were no object. In prac-
tice, Spain and Greece remain
tile top choices, according to a
survey for British travel agents.

P FYONA Campbell, who en-
■ tered the Guinness Book of •
Records after her 11-year walk
U°und the world, admitted that
he cheated and hitched a lift on
we American leg of the Journey.
he 1b now Insisting her name be
amoved from the record books.

hTshZi:,^ by RM,“rd

Dorrell wins £500m for NHS can for Nolan

sleaze inquiry

Ewan MacAaklll
and Michael White

HEALTH Secretary Stephen
Dorrell on Monday ap-
peared to have won his bat-
tle to secure more money from the
Treasury, securing about half the
figure he was seeking.

With predictions of nn NHS cash
crisis this winter, Mr Dorrell has
held firm in his demands. Reports
predicted lie will win £500 million
for his detriment after warning of
ward closures and cancelled opera-
tions unless the Treasury relented.

But Mr Dorrell's gain will be :i
loss for another department. With
education such a sensitive issue in
the run-up to the next election,
transport and defence may well be
(lie victims.

The urgent need for more NHS
cash was spelled out by Philip Hunt,
director of the National Association
of Heath Authorities and Trusts,
whose members face hospital
deficits totalling £200-300 million
this year. "There is a hell of a lot rid-
ing on this Cabinet decision because
we are in danger of slipping back on

much of the progress we have made
recently in reducing wailing times,
expanding primary care and making
ourselves very efficient." he said.

Labour and Liberal Democrat
spokesmen idled in lu endorse
warnings of “a real funding crisis".

Ill is year's annual public spend-
ing rmiMil \> expected lo be ninn-
difficult than most because nf tin-
closeness of tile next election.

T«> make way for lax cuts de-
manded by die Tory right, tin-
Chancellor. Ki-nucili Clarke, needs
tough depart mental limits. But tln-y
cannot be too light. As every opin-
ion poll shows, must voters would
not be happy with cuts in health nr
education, especially after the row
over standards in schools over the
past few weeks. They also want
tough crime measures, which cost
money.

In last year's Budget, Mr Clarke
set a total departmental spending
target of £268.2 billion for 1997-98,
Now he wants to cut up to £4 billion
from it, probably less, to permit lp
or 2p cuts in income tax without
panicking the City. It does not allow
him to be generous to education

and health, unless oilier depart-
ments suffer badly.

Mr Dorrell is fighting for an extra
£1 billion lu slave off a winter of
ward closures and other cutbacks,
not the best curtain-raiser In a gen-
eral election. But with Labour mak-
ing the running <m classroom sizes,
standards and discipline, ministers
cannot be seen lc» squeeze lou hard
on education.

Meanwhile the Hume Secretary.
Michael [ Inward, needs an extra
ttiui million u» cope with the rising
number of prisoners.

Mure money is needed ton lo
nied Mr Major's lory parly confer-
ence promise last year of fi.ijuij extra
policemen on the beat within three
years. There are only l ,<X10 so far.

Peter Lilley has avoided swinge-
ing cuts to his Social Security de-
partment — by a long way the
biggest spender — by reducing the
numbers entitled to benefit rather
than cutting the cash value of indi-
vidual payments.

Defence appears to be a soft tar-
get for cutbacks, especially since
the end of the cold war, but it is a
difficult area for the Tories.

Assaults on staff close Halifax school

Martin Walnwrlght
and Donald MaoLood

THE efforts of the Education
Secretary, inspectors, the local
education authority and teachers to
restore order at the Ridings in Hali-
fax blew up in their faces last week
as the school was closed after a
near-riot and assaults on teachers.

In the first shutdown of its kind
for 20 years, Calderdale education
officials abruptly' closed the 600-
pupil comprehensive school on
Thursday last 'week to secure the
safety of the children and staff.

This week prospects for a peace-
ful reopening of the school im-
proved when Nigel de Gruchy,
general secretary of the teachers'
union at the centre of the strike
action, promised to co-operate to
make the school a success.

Mr de Gruchy said he would be
seeking a positive relationship with
the new head, Petet Clark, when
children returned to the school on
Wednesday.

Two days of concentrated disrup-
tion last week led by a core of 12
pupils had coincided with an
emergency inspection by 'the Office
for Standards in Education, ordered
by Gillian Shephard, the Education

Secretary. Damage, verbal abuse
and refusal to obey teachers’ in-
structions culminated in the flinging
of books at a male staff member and
the pinching of a female teacher’s
bottom.

Headteacher Karen Stansfield
and her deputy resigned a month
ago following a long-running row
over teaching and expulsions.

Pupils later mounted a "Sort Out
the Yobs" protest A score of
teenagers took over the entrance
steps in Halifax — previously the
preserve of gangs flicking V-signs at
staff — to back their harassed
teachers and unfurl a banner say-
ing: "We need oiir education — ■ sup-
port the Innocent."

Mr Clark, who' took over on tem-
porary secondment from Rastrick
high school, near Halifax, backed
the call for positive thinking about
his troubled new charge: "We have
to build up the morale of the whoje
school community, H he said.

H1 appeal to everyone to take this
opportunity of a second chance to
get tiie Ridings off the front page of
every newspaper for negative things
And on to the front page fot- success-
ful things."

' Local education authority leaders
are seeking an urgent meeting with

j the Press Complaints Commission
after allegations that the recent in-
tense media coverage of discipli-
nary problems at schools had
encouraged bad behaviour and may
have put children at risk.

The Association of Metropolitan
Authorities was told at its annual ed-
ucation conference in Salford over
the weekend that journalists had
pad children up to £150 to perform
for the cameras at the Ridings
school, exacerbating the disorder
which led to its closure.

Meanwhile hopes of reopening '
Manton Junior School in Worksop,
Nottinghamshire, hung in the bal-
ance after the resignation of Eileen
Bennett, chair of the governing
body which has been in dispute with
the headteacher and staff over a dis-
ruptive 10-year-old boy.

Mrs Bennett and two pnrent gov-'
ernors, who had backed Matthew
Wilson's mother by insisting on his
return to normal classes, resigned
before a meeting with parents last
week.

Members of stnfif have voted to
strike if asked to teach Matthew and
headteacher Bill Shelley has closed
the school because he could not
guarantee .the safety of the 194
I pupils.

David Hencke

LABOUR Iasi week urged Linl
Nolan to launch a “cash for e«>n-
tnicls” investigation in the wnk<- of
tlov Giiitvdinii's disclosure that iln-
former d< ■fence minister, Sir Archie
Hamilton, is being paid by three
companies lo toll them how in
aiipruaeh ministers over ynwiu-
meni business.

Derek hosier, the Shadow chan-
cellor uf the Duchy of Inn> asii-r. in
:< speech lo Ministry of lvii-nLe
staff in Hmu'iicniiiuth, siiri:
■Tighter regulation and more <-iT<v
tive miu tiny of the governiu>»
process is absolutely essential tu
deal with conflicts of interest arising
as i> result of tou cosy a relationship
between government and busi-
ness."

Highlighting the role of Sir
Archie, who has been appointed by
the Government to sit on the Com-
mons standards and privileges com-
mittee investigating the “cash for
questions" scandal, Mr Foster said
that the fact he had broken no rules
suggested it was time to look again
at parliamentary reform.

The committee's inquiry will
examine allegations against former
disgraced minister Neil Hamilton,
and lobbyist Ian Greer, and their
relationship with the owner of
Harrods, Mohamed A1 Fayed.

Mr Foster pointed out that one of
the companies Sir Archie repre-
sents, W S Atkins, was paid £11 mil-
lion by the Government to take PSA
Building Management off its hands.
He said: "Most of PSA'b work was
for the MoD, coincidentally the de-
partment where Hamilton, spent
10 yeara as a minister.

Tow can anyone, have faith in a
government that lets MFa like Neil
Hamiltpn abuse (he system and
then nominates MPs like Sir Archie
Hamilton to mend the system?" ,
Meanwhile David Willetts, the.
government minister caught in the
centre of the "cash for questions"

' scandal, whs given a special briefing
from ,l|ic Government chief whip,
Alastalr Goodlad, and his Whitehall
fixer Murdo MacLean, to prepare
for a televised parliamentary hear-
ing this month. ,

Alan MHburn, a, Labour front-
bencher, said; “i find this stagger-
big. Until there Is an explanation to
the contrary, the assumption must
be that the powers that be are try-
ing to jielp Mr Willetts out of his lit-
tle local difficulty. It seems they are
nt it again."

I ^

10 UK NEWS

New powers in crime

Alan IVavla

EVERY job applicant in Britain
will have to provide proof of a
crime-free record under pow-
ers unveiled by the Home Secre-
tary. Michael Howard , last week.

The Police Bill will give all em-
ployers — not just those involved in
work with children or the vulnera-
ble — the right to demand to know
the criminal record of job appli-
cants. This great extension of offi-
cial vetting is expected to result in
H million checks a year.

The publication of the scheme
came as the Home Office said that
the Government had decided to
adopt proposals to prosecute in do-
mestic courts British tourists wlio
sexually abused children ahmad.
Until last w<*ok. minister* bail de-
ckled to leave such measures to a
private member's bill.

'Hie decision lo press ahead with
llu* veiling scheme led lo concerns
I lial up to 5 million people with a
criminal past could be excluded
from the labour market. 'Hie re-
quirements will come into force
within IS mouths.

Penal reformers said it was rea-
sonable to allow full vetting of those
working with children, lull giving
any employer Ihc right to inquire
iiiln |xist convictions was excessive.

Job seekers will have in pay a
new Criminal Records Agency be-

tween £5 and £15 to get a “criminal
conviction certificate11 giving details
of their past from the Police Na-
tional Computer.

The new vetting agency will not
be opposed by Labour, which wel-
comed its impact on the private se-
curity industry. But die human
rights organisation. Liberty, voiced
serious concern.

‘The criminal records certificates
will risk condemning people to a
lifetime of unemployment because
of one criminal conviction which
may bear no relevance to their abil-
ity lo do their job,” John Wadham,
Liberty’s director, said.

The new Police Bill was pub-
lished at the some time as Mr
Howard’s gun control legislation lo
ban all handguns except fur '10,000
.22 target pistols tn h»- held in
licensed, secure gun dubs.

( Jwners of the 1(30,0110 burger cali-
bre handguns will have to surren-
der their weapons lo the police.

The hill also envisages total com-
pensation uf up to £50 million, based
on the market value of each weapon
before October 16 — the day Mr
Howard announced the partial bun
in the Commons.

Licensed firearms dealers will
also lie compensated for any stocks
of banned weapons they wish Lo sur-
render. Illegal ]K>ssossion of a
banned handgun will carry n maxi-
mum penally of 10 years’ jail, as will

possession of a .22 handgun outside
a licensed gun club.

The chances of Labour and the
Liberal Democrats forcing through
a complete ban with the support of
some rebel Tories suffered a set-
back when the Ulster Unionists
made clear they would not back a
1QQ per cent prohibition. The arith-
metic, however, remains tight as it
appears likely that the nine Official
Unionists will abstain on the key
vote.

But the Tory MP Robert Hughes,
who is campaigning for the prohibi-
tion of all handguns, said he would
table an amendment to the Bill at a
later stage seeking such a ban.

• On Monday two former Tory
home secretaries dealt a blow lo Mr
Howard’s law and order legislation
in a dual attack on his ’‘prison
works" policy.

In an nstonislung Commons am-
bush, Mr Howard’s two predeces-
sors, Douglas Hurd mid Kenneth
Baker, accused him of treating law
and order as ”n race for voles” and
warned that his US-style minimum
sentences plan would succeed only
in turning out more accomplished
criminals.

Their attack indicates that Mr
Howard faces real difficulties in get-
ting his bill on lo the statute book
before a May election.

Comment, page 12

Further curbs EMU ‘threat to pensions’

nn I I n ion ^ C VERY «mn, woman and child in Treasury ministers insisted a "i

1 1 lw l,J C Britain could be forced to sub- bail-out" clause in the Maastrk

KNI 1 Sidise £20,000 worth of pension lia- treaty prevents any country sub

UUl lUl Wd.1 U I bililies in other European Union dlsing another’s debt, a claim re

l I a _ _ • e am mm mm Cm I Ul ■ IOC

Michael White

SHOP stewards and other volun-
tary union officials should no
longer be en tilled to perform union
duties during working hours, ac-
cording to a draft of the Govern-
ment’s forthcoming green |iaper on
industrial relations.

The draft, leaked to the Trades
Union Congress, also proposes to
abolish traditional union rights to in-
formation about company perfor-
mance for the purposes of collective
bargaining.

ft goes well beyond the series of
hints dropped by ministers since
they decided to curb strikes
deemed to have a “disproportionate
or excessive effect” on employers
and the public. Despite this year's
disputes, strikes are still nt an his-
toric low — 94 per cent below 1970s
levels.

Options such as compulsory arbi-
tration and a ban on strikes in spe-
cific industries such as public
transport monopolies have been re-
jected in the draft, which is dated
October 28. Bui it allows for claims
for damages where the effect of a
strike may be seen as disproportion-
ate to the grievance.

Scumas Milne adds: The outline
of a deni to settle the six-month pay
and working practices dispute in the
Post Office has already been negoti-
ated, it emerged, after postal work-
ers delivered a powerful new
mandate for further strikes,

Alan Johnson, Communication
workers' Union joint general secre-
tary, revealed immediately after n
vole in favour of strikes Ihnt he and
other union leaders restarted talks
with Royal Mall last month with pro-
posals he hoped would make the
strike vote academic.

EVERY man, woman and chilli in
Britain could be forced to sub-
sidise £20,000 worth of pension lia-
bilities in other European Union
slates if Britain joins a single cur-
rency «u llie present terms, political
leaders were tulri last week, writes
Michael Write.

In a report condemned as
alarmist by ministers and the Euro-
pean Commission, the Labour MP
Frank Field led the all-party Com-
mons Social Services Select Com-
mittee in warning that pensions
could be a national asset in danger
of being frittered awny.

Tire committee says: “As the
UK’s outstanding public pensions
liabilities are substantially below
those of other EU members, there
would be a risk that if the UK joined
a single currency, British taxpayers
could be called upon to help finance
the pay-as-you-go pension obliga-
tions of other EMU members."

Treasury ministers insisted a "no
bail-out" clause in the Maastricht
treaty prevents any country subsi-
dising another’s debt, a claim rein-
forced by Germany’s proposed
“stability pact” against reckless
spending.

Eurosceplics, including John
Redwood and the Bruges Group,
piled in to back the report.

Britain has £600 billion worth of
pension rights which are fully fi-
nanced by contributions against
only £230 billion worth of pay-as-
you-go pension commitments to
public sector employees, the report
says.

That adds up to a for bigger pen-
sions pot than the rest of the EU put
together, most of whose pension
commitments to future retirees are
unfunded and therefore will be paid
for by taxation. Some experts last
week claimed the sums total £10,000
billion throughout Europe.

Fowler’s relaxes slang rules

John Ezard

RULES of correct English
which have stood for 70
years are relaxed in a new edi-
tion of Fowler's English Usage
due out this week.

In a radical revision of the
stnndard reference book, its new
editor Robert Burchfield is toler-
ant about modern slang forms of
grammar and usage which his
predecessors would hove
denounced os wrong or sloppy.

The new edition — the first full
revision since 1926 — will add
to the row over standards of
writing and speech. It ran into
Immediate criticism from the
Campaign for Real Education
and (lie Queen's English Society.

The society accused its pub-
lishers, Oxford University Press,

of contributing to "the slide into
verbal anarchy”.

Among common criticised
habits the New Fowler’s Modern
English Usage* refuses to forbid
or discourage ore use of:

□ refute or rebut to mean deny

□ "like” ns n conjunction, as In
“Nobody told me I would feel
like I do”

Q dangling participles, as in the
satirist Richard Ingrams’s re-
mark about Ids birthplace: "Now
demolished, I can call It to mind
in detail”.

Nick Honey, chairman of die
Campaign for Better Education,
opposed all three changes. ‘The
word ‘like* is slang,” he said. “It
should not be used that way in
careful speech or writing.1'

* Published l?y OUP, £1 6.99

Chief constable Ronnie Flanagan foresees the police fighting
terrorism in Northern Ireland for five more years photo kelvin e-ji3 j

New RUC head warns of t
dangerous times ahead

David Sharrock

IT WAS a bad summer for Ronnie
Flanagan, held largely responsi-
ble for the Druincree stand-off and
the worst civil unrest for years, but
as he took over as the Royal Ulster
Constabulary's new chief constable
(tiis week the signs are he faces an
even worse winter.

At 47 he has 27 years' RUC ser-
vice, during which nearly 300 fellow
officers were killed and more than
9,000 injured.

Before the IRA declared its 1994
ceasefire, Interpol rated Northern
Ireland as the world’s most danger-
ous place to be a policeman. The
signs, according to his own assess-
ment, are that the danger is return-
ing: The immediate prospect is
rather dangerous and gloomy,” he
said. The IRA's recent twin bomb
attack, without warning, on the
Army's Lister headquarters meant
a return to war, even if this time
there may be a different emphasis.

“The worrying tiling for us in the
coming weeks and months is that
we will, see oilier attacks carried
out, even if the leaders of the
republican movement seek to carry
them out In a way they would see as
attempting to restrict to carefully
approved ’high-impact’ targets.”

If Northern Ireland returns to the
bad old days, the RUC will resume
its role of holding the security ring
while waiting for the next round of
ceasefires and talks. He foresees
the RUC having to fight terrorism
for a further five years.

He has a reputation for sensitive
policing in difficult circumstances
but It 1b clear that the new chief con-

stable Wiis chosen to perform
deeper tasks. The recent peace gave
the RUC time to consider a return
lo normality. Mr Flanagan oversaw
a Fundamental Review, which con-
fidentially suggested cutting the
force by more than half.

With only 7 per cent of officers
from the Catholic community. Mr
Flanagan is also committed to ad-
dressing the religious imbalance.

"The major barrier has been Hie
terrorist threat to them. But we
have lo work towards providing an
environment where men ai™
women of any religious belief or po-
litical persuasion don’t have to sub-
merge those beliefs or persuasions
and where above all the service that
the police provide is absolutely
of any bias." ‘

Mr Flanagan knows more office*
on first name terms titan anybody
else in file force. He was born into a
protestant working-class family w
north Belfast. His father was a ship-
yard worker and the family etn
was socialist and avowedly non-sefr
tarian, moulded by his grandfam^s
active support of the defunct Norm
ern Ireland Labour Party. .

• The IRA’s supreme ruling body »
believed to have met at the week no |
at a secret location in the Insfr
public to decide its future strategy-

The Irish prime minister, Joj
Bruton, said the IRA’s use, of vl
■ lence to remove British rule fr
Ireland Is undergoing a ‘,senoU® _
think". Although he was not
of an IRA convention having

place, he said: ’'What we do know*

however, is that there is a sefio™
rethinking going on within the
publican movement" '■ ■' “ .1.

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1696

Healey warns of EU currency riots

Michael White

LABOUR’S last Chancellor of
the Exchequer, Lord Healey,
last week launched a remark-
able attack on a single European
currency, warning that it could lead
to riots In the streets.

The outburst overshadowed the
debate taking place in the Com-
mons where the Chancellor, Ken-
neth Clarke, and Gordon Brown, his
Labour shadow, were trading blows
over the credibility of the economic
recovery in the wake of last week’s
quarter-point interest rate rise.

Lord Healey, speaking on the sin-
gle currency, told the House of
Lords: "If the thing goes ahead, it

‘Victorian’
Birt under
MPs’ attack

Andrew Culf

JOHN BIRT, tin.* BBC’s director
general, was attacked last week
for a Victorian approach to manage-
ment, as MPs renewed their crili
cism of changes lo tin* World
Servin'.

Members of llic- foreign affair
selt-ci o mm i it tee. which in July ;k-
cum il Mr Hiri ul taking a “cavalier"
approach, expressed doubts about
guarantees designed to protect tin-
quality of the service.

Mr Birt admitted he had learned
lessons from the bruising enenu li-
ters over the World Service, and
hoped a closer relationship would
be forged with the Foreign Office.
But he warned that the service
could face a £40 million funding gap
over five years and appealed for its
grant to be fixed in a five-year,
aboveinflation deal.

During the hearing, Mr Birt and
Sam Younger, the World Service’s
managing director, defended the
merger of the service’s news and
English language production with
the BBC's domestic departments.

Michael Jopling, Conservative
MP for Westmorland and Lonsdale,
said the way the restructuring had
been handled raised questions
about the competence of the BBC.
Mr Younger and Bob Phillis, deputy
director general and chief executive
of BBC Worldwide, had been told
just 24 hours before (he public.

Mr Birt said all large companies
would have handled a big restruc-
turing in the same way when ca-
reers and senior jobs were involved,
but Mr jopling told him: “This atti-
tude — that it was typical of the way
big organisations are run — lias
caused a great deal of hilarity ... It
Is a kind of Victorian approach.” It
would have been common courtesy
to have shared the details with Mr
Younger and Mr Phillis.

David Sumberg, Tory MP for
Bury South, said the safeguards,
agreed by a BBC/Foreign Office
working party, could be meaning-
less because Mr Birt would still
have the final say. "In the end, criti-
cisms of you will land back on your
desk. It Is going round in circles.”

The World Service is faced with a
£5 million shortfall for 1997/9B, de-
spite making economies of £6.5 mil-
lion. If (he Government does not
increase its grant-in-ald in this
month’s budget up to six foreign
language services are likely to be
closed, Mr Younger warned.

will be a disaster economically and
politically, because the social strains
created by the fight between the
Central Bank and the national gov-
ernments to try to return to the type
of convergence which was origi-
nally intended will produce riots on
the streets, as they already have in
France, and certainly demonstra-
tions, as they are doing now in Ger-
many.”

His intervention came as the
Labour leadership tries to maintain
a unified stance on the issue.

On the final day of this year’s
Queen Speech debate in the Com-
mons, Mr Brown tore into the Chan-
cellor for the Government's failure
to tackle the "fundamental weak-

nesses” in the economy, which ren-
dered Britain uniquely vulnerable to
interest rate rises because the re-
covery had not been investment-led.

Mr Clarke hit back, accusing
Labour of having no policies and of
being the only people in the country
— apart from those who are "either
mad or dead” — of not recognising
the strength of the recovery.

Meanwhile Lord Healey's broad-
side showed that at the age of 79 he
is still one of the cleverest men in
the business as well as one of the
most boisterous bulls in a very posh
china shop.

It was ever thus. The man who
battled as Labour's chancellor in the
seventies’ oil crisis has rarely been

able to resist candour — it cost him
the party leadership in 1980.

The Incident was vintage Healey.
So too Is the awkward fact that he
put up a formidable case: that the ar-
gument for European economic and
monetary union is economic, not
political, and that Germany’s inter-
nal monetary union, when Helmut
Kohl reunited his divided country in
1990, shows how huge the neces-
sary sacrifices are — even for "a sin-
gle people and a single state under a
single leader".

Lord Healey said it had cost West
Germany £400 billion — between 3
and 4 per cent of gross domestic
product — to make unification
work, 85 per cent of Germans still

UK NEWS 11

felt worse off, and 15 per cent of for-
mer East Germans were still jobless.

Europe’s disparities were just as
great as Germany’s in 1990, he sold.
Already the pressure of the Maas-
tricht criteria — low inflation, low
borrowing, stable Interest rates —
had inflicted what the Financial
Times called "a dismal level of eco-
nomic performance” on Paris and
Bonn. To meet the criteria, all but
tiny states like Luxembourg and Ire-
land would have to “fiddle the
figures”.

A German-speaker with excellent
German contacts, what Mr Healey
did wbb to point out that many signif-
icant EU players now "fear disaster”
if Mr Kohl insists on the 1999
timetable — that it will “divide Eu-
rope, not unite if1.

Martin Woalfaoott, page 12

.* : »

. .1 \ '

*■■ L

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12 COMMENT

Catastrophe
reigns in Zaire

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1066

THE HUGE dimensions of the Zairean catastro-
phe can be gauged by simply considering the
latest request from the UN High Commissioner for
Refugees. In one sense it is modest enough: it asks
for the minimum that would be required to reacue
hundreds of thousands of refugees from a desper-
ate situation. Yet in the light of the current action
in the Great Lakes region — and the lack of action
In the United Nations or anywhere else — it may
also be regarded as asking for (he moon.

Perhaps half a million refugees in eastern Zaire,
Rwandan Hutus who fled alter the massacre of
1004, are now heading farther west into Zaire,
pushed by the ethnic Tutsi rebels who are sup-
ported by the Rwandan army. Ms Ogata has called
for a "return corridor" to lure the refugees not just
back to the camps but across into Rwanda. She ad-
mits Ihnt trying to convince the refugees to return
will require enormous efforts, but she says that
the drift westwards will further destabilise Zaire.
She is right on both counts.

On Monday the Tutsi rebels declared a ceasefire
to allow, so they said, the refugees to move home
in safety. Even if this offer does not break down
under Zairean counter-attack, tills is the very
move which (he refugees have resisted making,
under less threatening conditions, over the past
two years. As many aid agencies now argue, the
only safe route will be one where safety is assured
by an Intervening force. Enter die French with ten-
tative wider European support for the "restoration
of security" to underpin a humanitarian operation
in eastern Zaire. This proposal unfortunately
evokes the French safe haven set up in Rwanda
two years ago, widely seen as offering tacit support
to tiic defeated Hutu government that had been re-
sponsible for the massacres. Any repeat interven-
tion under (he flag of one or a few notions risks
being viewed with similar suspicion; by reinstating
the Hutu camps it would hare the effect of perpet-
uating the original problem. The only chance of
effective intervention would be on a much wider
scale with strong guarantees for security, and sub-
stantial subsidies to persuade Rwanda to relocate
the refugees free from fear of reprisal.

Enter die Security Council? Hardly on its perfor-
mance so far. Tills is precisely the kind of issue
that the secretary-general should have defined last
month as a "threat to peace", requiring die Council
to convene in emergency session until decisions
were made. Instead there has been one desultory
resolution calling for a ceasefire: the first call for a
special sitting was made only on Monday by
Germany. Waiting for Tuesday's US election Is one
reason why the Council has sat on its hands. There
may only be a slim chance of getting action from
(he Organisation of African Unity summit in
Nairobi. It Is further diminished if the perception
Is that the UN intervenes in Europe or Asia — but
leaves Africa to its misery.

Bid for the big
telecoms bucks

RIT1SH TELECOM'S proposed merger with
the US telecommunications group, MCI, is rid-
dled with potential pitfalls — financial, political,
cultural and electronic. But that's no reason not to
welcome BTs bold bid for a big stake in the ex-
ploding world of global communications. This Ib a
war on several fronts in which timidity won't be the
wbtncr. The world's telephone, wireless and cable
companies ore battling it out to become the domi-
nant conveyors of information, while media giants

I such as Disney, Viacom, Microsoft and Rupert
Murdoch's empire are themselves restructuring to
become die dominant suppliers of entertainment
and software. This is happening against a world-
wide push — led by the US and the UK — to deregu-
late markets. In the background the Internet — the
world-wide computer network — is growing strongly
and becoming so versatile that it is no longer fanci-
ful to think that it may one day become the main
medium for television and (voice) telephone calls
as well as coinpufcr-icd communications.

One of the ironies of the information revolution is
that (hough in (he long run It offers unprecedented
empowerment of the individual, in die short run it
is a battle between the national telecommunicatious
giants for control of international traffic. In the short I

term this war will be dominated by globally posi-
tioned "triad" players with strong bases in die US,
European and Asian markets. If BT and MCI merge
to form Concert they will be two-thirds of the way to-
wards this ideal. What remains to be seen Is
whether such a company fades away Into near-obliv-
ion (as happened to British Leyland) or whether it
develops Into a Glaxo, the UK-owned pharmaceuti-
cal company that ia now the biggest in the world. BT
comes from a new genre of companies, such as
British Airways and British Steel, that have used a
strong (and, interestingly, nationalised) home base
to convert Into successfal global players.

But BT first has to disprove the academic re-
search showing that mergers are rarely successful. A
merged BT-MCI will also have to face unexpected
technological changes: (most likely from the Internet)
and a potential dash of corporate cultures between
the go-getting nouveau riche Americans and the
anclen regime of BT executives who, though learn-
ing fast, were reared in a protected domestic market

One likely winner from all this (apart from share-
holders) Is (he consumer, who faces falling prices
as the cartelisation of international tariffs — partic-
ularly on (he continent of Europe — is shattered by
(he onward march of deregulation and globalisa-
tion. But if we are to ensure that prices really do fall
and that taxes don't get conjured away Murdoch-
like Into offshore tax havens, we must think how
national regulators can be turned into international
ones. If cyberspace turns into a virtual tax haven
dominated by International monopolies then the in-
formation revolution will have failed even before it
has seriously got under way.

Time to give them
all a free vote

HIS HANDS arc up, but he'a still not thrown
nwny all ids guns. Hence he's in trouble with
cabinet colleagues, his party and the country.
Michael Howard, the personification of populism,
ia not just personally unpopular but is dragging his
party down. So much for his aspirations of leading
the Conservatives when Major goes. Last week's
Mori poll in the Times showed law 'n' order had
for the flrBt time become top of the public's list of
most important Issues — with the Labour lead in
public confidence in what was once such a strong
vote-winning Tory issue rising dramatically. Last
month's Gallup showed Labour nine points ahead
of the Conservatives in public confidence in han-
dling crime. The Mori showed Labour 25 points
ahead in tackling violence, banning combat knives
and promoting good citizenship.

Rarely can a politician have lost so much ground.
His attempts to wrong-foot Labour through tricky
parliamentary procedures over a record five law 'n*
order bills in this session have disastrously — and
deservedly — back-fired. The public was rightly out-
raged by the Home Secretary’s initial move to leave
the paedophile and stalking bills to private mem-
bers' measures, and they are equally unimpressed
by his procrastination over knife controls. But most
serious of all has been his refusal to ban all hand-
guns. The publication of his Firearms (Amendment)
Bill last week left the Conservative party divided but
the vast majority of the public united in opposition.

Mr Howard’s bill would greatly strengthen
firearms controls. But the Dunblane Snowdrop
campaign is right to insist that it is not enough.
Some 40,000 .22 calibre pistola would still exist
and this number would grow as gun-owners re-
ceived up to £50 million in compensation for the
handguns they had handed in.

The Home Secretary is alUy to talk of a total ban
driving current handgun owners underground —
the police already have the names and addresses
of every licensed handgun owner and will know
who has not handed in their weapons. A total ban
on handguns would stiU allow Bports enthusiasts
to go to rifle or shotgun clubs If they wont to.

There is a more obvious reason why Uie Home
Secretary is being short-sighted in not permitting
Parliament a free vote on the issue. He had hoped
to fight the coming election on Labour being soft
on crime. Yet for all his hardline rhetoric, he re-
mains the minister who is resisting proper con-
trols over knives and handguns. No wonder
Labour is smiling. Mr Howard faces the worst of all
possible positions: persisting with his partial ban
but losing it in an ignominious parliamentary re-
verse. Why doesn’t he make a virtue of his political
plight by covering up a surrender with a magnani-
mous offer of a free vote. He’ll never be a hero, but
he could make himself less of a villain.

Honesty a casualty
in the rush for union

Martin Woollacott

A GERMAN magazine cover in
1990 showed Helmut Kohl at
the wheel of a speeding rac-
ing car, with Lothar de Maziere, the
East German leader, crouched pet-
rified in the passenger seat Mr
Kohl is driving breakneck toward a
finish line called unification. Substi-
tute a less petrified Chirac for Mr de
Maziere, some would say, and the
picture Is the same in 1996, with the
whole of Europe being pulled along
behind the German chancellor.

European monetary union is not
being approached in the careful and
studied manner that Germans,
above all, have always said was
necessary. Criticisms by Denis
Healey, the former British chancel-
lor of the exchequer, of Mr Kohl un-
derline how much all Europeans are
dependent on this unpredictable
and intuitive man. In 1989 and 1990
he determined that the objective of
German unification should override
all other considerations, including
the doubts of allies, the anxieties of
the West German central bank, and
the worries of West German citi-
zens. Slow down to take account of
these, he implied, and the prize
might be lost. The problems, what-
ever they might be, could be dealt
with afterwards.

Now, in 1996. his attitude is the
same. The objective of European
union justifies breaking, or at least
bending, the rules. Obstacles are
there to be overcome. Mr Kohl
chose to spend K-Day — on Octo-
ber 31 he became the longest serv-
ing chancellor since Bismarck — in
Japan. The trip was arranged some
time ago but, as it happens, it helps
him distance himself from the diffi-
culties within his coalition govern-
ment from the admission of Theo
Waigel, his finance minister, in
emergency parliamentary debate,
that the 1997 deficit will be worse
than previously admitted, and from
the conclusion of some of the coun-
try’s most respected economists
that Germany is not going to be able
to meet the economic criteria laid
down for monetary union.

But the government waves aside
the difficulties. Meanwhile Germans
watch disconsolately as their govern-
ment pares the welfare state, and as
management and unions confront
each other on wages and benefits.

Between western and eastern
Germany a divide yawns. The two
resent each other and, in spite of the
vast amounts of money poured in,
some of it European as well as Ger-
man, the east's economy still falters.

Yet the gloominess of the public
mood, and the doubts about mone-
tary union so consistently reflected
in polls should not mislead. Ger-
mans may be reluctant to give up
the mark, but they regard monetary
union ns inevitable, and since it has
to come, they trust Mr Kohl more
titan any other possible leader to get
them though it.

The failures in the east have to be
seen in context. If the former East
Germany thinks itself a “colony" now,
how much more that would have
been the case had Mr Kohl not of-
fered the generous currency deal,
the high wage rates and the large
subsidies that he did, and which gave
him a smashing victory in the first
elections? And, since that was done,
it can hardly be a surprise that the

former East Germany has the worst
economic record of all the countries
in eastern Europe. But sooner or
later the vast investment in the east
will begin to pay off, and then the
complaints will dwindle away.

Mr Kohl'9 instincts on East Gen
many were right, even if the price Is
still being paid. But the question
raised by Mr Healey and others is
whether the hell-for-leather ap-
proach that worked for German uni-
fication can work, on a vastly larger
scale, for Europe. It is not only a
question of practicability but of
democracy and of consent across a
wider Europe. Increasingly, the Ger-
man government seems to think
just in terms of those who will be in-
side the first phase of monetary
union. It is increasingly uninter-
ested in efforts to decide what the
future relationship between the ins
and the outs will be.

It also seems uninterested in try-
ing to think through, ahead of time,
mechanisms to deal with the social
and economic disruptions that a sin-
gle currency will cause, as some re-
gions advance and others decline.
There is apparent a philosophy that
everything can be left until after-
wards. That is likely to be inter-
preted as meaning that Germany
and France will make key decisions
alone, and will negotiate bilaterally
with countries who cannot or do not
wish to join tile first time round.

The readiness of the German
government to abridge and modify
conditions earlier presented as criti-
cally important has encouraged [
others to follow suit. The French,
notoriously, have met Maastricht
conditions by counting as income
money paid over for their govern-
ment assuming pension obligations.
This is a move which gives credit
now for future debt, at a time when
the unfunded pensions obligations
of European governments are al-
ready awesomely large.

YET BRUSSELS has approved
it, for Brussels too is in the
grip of tiie political impera-
tive. No official or commissioner
wants to stand in the way of mone-
tary union, and decisions are un-
doubtedly being made that ought
not, on strict principle, to be made.
Other countries, as Lord Healey
says, will be tempted to follow
France in juggling their books.

There are broader doubts about
the wisdom of monetary union as
conceived by politicians who believe
that growth can he restored by com-
pleting the single market with a sin-
gle currency, and by cutting the
labour costs of industry and the wel-
fare costs of governments. The dan-
gers of this process are already
abundantly clear. For a high social
price, a small return in competitive-
ness is achieved, leading on to de
mands for deeper cuts, which in turn
lead to only small farther “improve
ments". Perhaps Europeans will be
prepared to consider more funda-
mental changes only when monetary
union has been achieved and has
demonstrably not delivered what
was promised in termB of prosperity-
In the meantime what is worryinB
about the new "flexibility" fa
many and France 1b not that the
strict conditions on convergent *re
socially damaging but that standards
of honesty are being abandoned, as
well as the traditions of deep admin-
istrative preparation for change.

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1996

French minister
‘spied for KGB’

6geet4?EAC&,

C'dTAiT Uhl Coup

be Moscou L .

La Monde Reporters

CHARLES HERNU, Francois
Mitterrand’s first defence
minister and longtime friend,
who was forced to resign in 1985 fol-
lowing the sinking of the Green-
peace vessel Rainbow Warrior in
Auckland harbour, has been accused
by the French weekly L'Express of
having worked for the Bulgarian,
Romanian and Soviet secret ser-
vices during the 1950s and 19G0s.

L'Express bases its accusations
against Hernu, now dead, on docu-
ments obtained from Romanian
secret service files, and also on in-
terviews conducted with his former
Soviet bloc ''contacts”.

Jacques Fournet, head of the
counter-espionage service (DST)
from 1990 to 1993, confirmed to Le
Monde that he informed Mitterrand
in 1992 that former Romanian intel-
ligence officers had handed over to
him a file on Hernu. Investigations
by Le Monde show the DST carried
out its own investigations and con-
cluded that the information was au-
thentic.

Introducing the report written by
two journalists from L'Express,
Jerome Dupuis and Jean-Marie Pon-
laut, the weekly’s editor, Denis
Jeanibar, said: "Charles Hernu was
a spy in the service of the East 30
years ago, and nobody can say
whether his past influenced his ac-

"Fir&t Pelat. now Hernu. . . " was
apparently Mitterrand's reaction
when Fournet broke the news to
him in the autumn of 1992 (“Pelat"
is a reference to Patrice Pelat, an-
other close friend of Mitterrand's,
who died of a heart attack while in-
vestigations were under way into al-
legations of insider trading.)

Fournet says Mitterrand advised
him to Bay nothing about the matter:
“We're not going to rewrite history.
Consider this to be a state secret, di-
rector."

L'Express claims the Information
about Hernu reveals him to have
been a paid informer of the Soviet
bloc secret services and shows that
he was apparently not acting out of
any ideological convictions. How-
ever, the file, which the DST main-
tains is authentic, says nothing
about Hernu's behaviour once he
became defence miuister. Those de-
tails, according to L' Express, are
probably locked away in the former
KGB's vaults in Moscow.

The Bulgarian secret service re-
portedly recruited Hernu in 1953,
when he was 29 and active in left-
wing politics. His Bulgarian contact
was probably Raiko Nikolov, a sec-
retary at the Bulgarian embassy in
Paris, Nikolov gave Hernu the code
name "Andrt", and paid him a
monthly retainer equal to about
Fr2,750 today ($540) with occa-
sional payments of Fri.OOO to
Fi'5,000 for apparently innocuous re-
ports on the political situation in
France, or even assessments of Mit-
terrand and Gaston Defferre (who
Inter became interior minister under
Mitterrand).

fn fact, says L'Express, Nikolov
was acting ns a recruiting agent for
the Soviet secret service. A few

. ■! a. #• .1 f ■

National Assembly in 1956, Hernu
came under the control of a Soviet
agent, Vladimir Ivanovich Yero-
feyev, a counsellor at the Soviet em-
bassy in Paris, described by
L'Express ns an important figure in
his country's secret service.

Still using the cover name of
Aiidrt, Hernu received payments of

je*

R&IE!

TAM CfrO

'Greenpeace was a dirty trick by Moscow* *1 must be dreaming’

between FrlO.OOO and Frl5,000. He
again stood for election after
Charles dc Gaulle’s return in 1958.
but was defeated. However, his em-
ployers in Moscow reportedly gave
him Fr 300, 000 ($58,824) to finance
his campaign.

In 1901, Heriui was deeply com-
mitted iu the struggle against the
0AS (Organisation Arm£e Secrete),
which was fighting Gaullism and op-
posed independence for Algeria.
“He was lo be given police protec-
tion." writes L'Express, "so he asked

• _ tfm . * m •• U

However, he made contact with the
Romanian secret service — the Se-
cu rit ate — again in Paris after 1962.
A file about him dated December
14, 19G2, has been found. Around
that time the future minister, who
had by then become reconciled with
Mitterrand, received the code name
"Dinu". He continued to supply

France’s secret plan for a nuclear Europe

Daniel Vernet

AT the end of the 1950s, France
took a decisive step towards
developing a nuclear weapon, with
the help of West Germany and Italy.
The three countries seriously con-
sidered pooling resources to fund
the isotope separation plant at
Pierrelatte, and it was only Charles
de Gaulle's return to power that put
an end to the “armaments triangle",
an episode that all three countries
have re mamed silent about.

In the autumn of 1956, a decisive
impetus was given to a kind of
atomic "European Defence Commu-
nity". With France and Great Britain
humiliated by the. Suez crisis, and
Europe’s division into two blocs
foaled by the crushing of the Hun-
garian revolution, the hesitations of
Guy Model’s government were
swept aside.

November 6, 1956 was a dramatic
*»■. The day before, French and
firitisli soldiers had parachuted into
the Suez Canal zone, briuging an ag-
gressive response from Moscow
mul pressure from Washington. It
was the day that Germany’s Chan-

Cr!!0.r Konrad Adenauer was on an
official visit to Paris, where he took
Part in a long cabinet meeting,

‘Guy Mollet. kept leaving , the

room all the lime to phone {An-
thony} Eden," recalls Maurice
Fnure, secretory of state at the for-
eign ministry at the time. "The
British prime minister was begin-
ning to give in to Washington.”

In France, the Suez crisis has-
tened the decision to develop nu-
clear weapons. But, the means
available to France were limited,
particularly as the war in Algeria
was draining its resources.

Maurice Bourg^s-Manoury, de-
fence minister at the time, invited
his West German counterpart,
Franz-Josef Strauss, to visit the nu-
clear installations in the Sahara. An
official document, which remained
secret until 1993, noted that "the
two ministers signed the Colomb-
B Cellar agreement" to initiate "close
co-operation in the area of military
design and armaments, and for. co-
ordinating resources and scientific,
technical and . industrial means for
this purpose".,

There was a question of develop-
ing “new weapons", but at the time
these were rockets capnble of carry-
ing nuclear charges, not nuclear
warheads themselves.

Strauss was firmly on the side of
nuclear deterrence. Like Adenauer,
he wanted the German Federal
Republic’s rights to be given equal

| respect in the Atlantic alliance. Hie
determination of Germany and
France, with which Italy was closely
linked, was strengthened in 1957
when a whole new strategic
scenario emerged with die launch
of the Sputnik satellite by the Sovi-
ets, which showed that they couid
target United States territory.

Would the US put its own exis-
tence at risk in the event of a
nuclear threat being made against
Europe? With the doctrine of mas-
sive retaliation changing into one of
a graduated response, was there not
a danger of Germany turning into a
nuclear battlefield? Would not the
planned scaling down of US troops
deployed in Europe finally lead to
“decoupling" of the US from
Europe?

On November 15, 1957, the
French prime minister, KGlix
Gaillard, presided over a secret
cabinet meeting called lo draw con-
clusions from the launching of
Sputnik. Washington had reacted by
strengthening ties with Britain and
offering a kind of vague nuclear co-
ojieration with the Western Euro-
pean Union (WEO).

France was Irritated by the
weapons the British and the Ameri-
cans were beginning to deploy in
I Tunisia, which Paris feared would

political nnalyses for money, but tire
men in Bucharest for whum he was
working found some of his reports
to be of scant interest.

'Hint did not prevent the KCiU
from short-circuiting the Bulgarian
and Romanian intermediaries arid
dealing directly with Hernu. The
file turned over to the DST in 1992
docs not show whether contacts be-
tween Hernu and the Russians were
broken off. L'Express claims
Bucharest attempted to renew con-
tacts with Hernu in 1982, when he

cause it was tKougllTto'b1^

Hernu died of a heart attack in
January 1990, three weeks after the
fall of the Ceaiisescu regime in Ro-
mania, whose secret service
records sent the DST director rush-
ing off to see Mitterrand at the
ElysGe Palace.

(October 31)

end up in Algerian rebel haittK A
decision had to be taken. France
could not continue relying on the
US for its defence. It had to make its
own nuclear weapons, but it had in
secure the co-operation of Italy and
Germany.

Emilio Taviani, Italy's defence
minister at the time, was expected
in Pari9 the next day. Faure trav-
elled to Bonn on November 16 to
explain the situation.

Adenauer recalls in his memoirs
that Faure said: “A defence of Eu-
rope without United States partici-
pation is unthinkable, but Europe
must increase its own efforts." His
government, the chancellor noted,
shared France’s concern.

Taviani joined his German and
French counterparts on November
20 to sign a protocol covering air-
craft, missiles and "military and
nuclear energy applications". 'Hie
initial text contained the phrase "nu-
clear explosives", but Strauss had it
changed in order to cover himself in
the event of the document becom-
ing public.

In a note sent to the WEO and
Natoi the three ministers indicated
their intention . of “developing. - a
surfaco-to -surface ballistic weapon
capable of. carrying »: thermo-
nuclear warhead with n range of
2,800km Hint could be adapted for
use by naval forces". ; ■

. At the end of January 1958, Cha-

No more
state secrets

EDITORIAL

THE public life of Chnrfes
Hernu never provided any
clues as to any alleged Involve-
ment with the intelligence ser-
vices of the Warsaw Pact
countries. If he was an intelli-
gence agent, it would have been
in the former minister’s Interest
to adopt postures diametrically
opposed to his secret loyalties.
That’s (lie first tiling one learns
in this aliadowy business.

Hernu was haunted by secrets
of his youth — his service in tire
Vichy fldminislrutian In KM4i
and lie was n communist fellow-
tmvelier in the ItiSOs. For nil
that, Uie counter espionage
Hcrtdce (DST) is not the Court of
History and its convictions
should not he taken as
certainties.

The matter is too serious to be
left in this twilight zone of ru-
mour and suspicion. The se-
crecy must be lifted, (lie (ruth
must he told. The public, politi-
cal parties and people’s elected
representatives have a right to
know. The suite secret is no
longer acceptable today.

Instead of being on the defen-
sive, the left should be the first
to press for openness. If not, it is
the Socialist party in particular
that will have the Hernu busi-
ness hanging over it. If it realty
yyjmts to forget its disappoint-

Socialist party will have to break
with a culture of denial, indeed
of untruth, which from Vichy
and government corruption
down to the president’s final ill-
ness will remain one of the char-
acteristics of the Mitterrand era.
(November 1)

ban, Strauss and Taviani met again,
this time in Bonn, with Adenauer.
But die German chancellor told his
minister “Go ahead, but if it goes
wrong, i haven’t heard a thing.”

A new protocol was signed on
April 8 over the Pierrelatte plant,
whose cost was put at $140 million.
Financing the production of en-
riched uranium would be shared
between the three countries — 45
per cent each by France and
Germany, with Italy providing the
remaining 10 per cent.

But that was as far as this nuclear
co-operation was to go. De Gauile
was back in power. Al the first
defence meeting held under his
chairmanship, he put the April 8
project on hold. Strauss reacted
angrily by dropping plans In buy the
Mirage-lil . and 1 ordered US
F-104s instead.

Would the co-operation have led
to a nuclear Europe? The reserva-
tions of the parlies involved in. the
secret taiks tend to suggest it would
not

Some were determined to
strengthen Europe's independence,
Olliers saw this co-operation only as
a way oflcaning on the US to force it
to share Its nuclear technology.
Olliers borrowed from both tenden-
cies, considering a European solu-.
tjon the only hope in the event of
the US.t&king a tough line.

(October 27/28)

14 ftTKottte/ FRANCE, INTERNATIONAL

Third World hit by
traffic in fake drugs

Philippe Broussard

FROM street markets in Lagos
to backshops in Bangkok,
business in fake medicines is
booming. There is hardly a Third
World country where counterfeit
pills sporting the trademarks of
European or North American labo-
ratories are not easily available.

There are plenty of counterfeit-
ers, some highly qualified, others
less so, who are capable of concoct-
ing bogus antibiotics just as others
fake Swiss watches — the dtffer-
L'liec being that no one was ever
killed by a watch.

Their products can be dangerous
for several reasons. The concentrn-
llmis of (he ingredients may be in-
correct; an ingredient may have
been replaced by some ersatz such
as coffee or sugar that has no effect
un the ailment; and sometimes the
preparation is quite simply toxic.

The problem lias been around for
years. In 1990, 109 Nigerian chil-
dren died after taking syrup (hat
contained antifreeze. Similar cases
have bwii recorded in Bangladesh,
where 250 children died between
199U and 1993.

One of the most spectacular
frauds occurred in February last
year, when a meningitis epidemic
swept through Niger, one of the
world'9 poorest countries. Its neigh-
bour, Nigeria, made it a gift of
88,000 doses of meningitis vaccine
bearing the Mlrieux and Smith-
Kline Beecham trademarks.

A team of Belgian doctors belong-

•JMJ9 effife

They were suspicious about the
quality of the vaccine; it did not di-
lute easily, and contained black fila-
ments. But given the urgency of the
situation and the fact that the vac-
cine had been donated by a friendly
government, the doctors continued
their work. On their return to Bel-
gium, however, they decided to
have the vaccine analysed; it turned
out to be juBt water.

Ail the indications are that cases
like this are on the increase. The

World Health Organisation (WHO)
estimates that at least 7 per cent of
drugs sold worldwide each year are
fake. The percentage may be as
high as 30 per cent in Brazil and
60 per cent in Africa, where counter-
feiters act with complete impunity
because of corruption and crum-
bling health structures.

The pharmaceutical industry, the
WHO and non-governmental organ-
isations such ns MSF and Pharma-
ciens Sans Frontieres accept that in
some countries the situation Is out
of control.

In a document dated September
30, MSF laid down guidelines for its
teams operating in developing coun-
tries; "In almost ail such countries
there has been a proliferation of
pharmaceutical . . . products which
either do not contain sufficient con-
centrations or arc debused or coun-
terfeited. Tile use of local supplies is
therefore forbidden in cases where
MSF is not in a position to linndle
local purchases without risk."

There are several reasons for the
increase in fraud. First, it brings in
big money. According to WHO esti-
mates, annual antes in this sector
arc $16 billion. It is believed that in
Pakistan nlone fake drugs worth
$160 million are sold each year.

Drug counterfeiters who manage
to lay their hands on the "recipe” for
n preparation can sell it very com-
petitively because they will not have
paid for research and development.
They can also shave concentrations
and thus cut production costs. If
they go one step further on the dls-

, ..7. . ■ . ■ ■ H*“®

out of flour or starch, a common
practice in Africa. With modern
printing techniques, packaging and
labelling pose no problems.

They still have to sell their prod-
uct without running into customs
controls. That, too, is child's play;
with trade booming it is virtually im-
possible to keep tabs on a drug. A
cancer drug manufactured in Bangla-
desh may well be sold to Indonesia,
where it will pass through the hands
of a Dutch trader and end up being
smuggled into Sierra Leone.

Nor is there any problem in get-
ting hold of the raw materials for
fake pills. They are easily available
from middlemen based in Hong
Kong or Hamburg. The laboratories
in Haiti or Nigeria which use such
materials to manufacture drugs do
not have the technical or financial
resources to vet their quality.

LARGE-SCALE fraud has be-
come a highly professional
activity, a leading figure in
the pharmaceutical industry says:
“In the case of more sophisticated
medicines, there are specialised

WsRtaie Ae. k%e

organisations. Then the ingredient
is distributed among smalt decen-
tralised and highly mobile labs,
which work on a range of products
for about sue months at a time, be-
fore moving on to something else.

“Remember that the difficult bit
is inventing the medicine, not copy-
ing iL Copying may be hard for a be-
ginner, but it's relatively simple for a
trained chemist. And we're talking
about a business that hires top-
notch personnel."

Counterfeiters have also taken

Where the Rhone does not flow smoothly

T'1 1

A plan to pipe water to
Barcelona from France Is
facing opposition, writes

Richard Bengulgui

IN 2004. purified water from the
Rhdne river could well be cours-
ing through Barcelona's mains sys-
tem. Plans to build a 314km
underground pipeline from Mont-
pellier to the Catalan capital are still
on tiie drawing board. But the
scheme, which seemed far-fetched
to sonic when first aired in 1994, is
now beginning to lake shape. So is
opposition to it on both sides of (he
Pyrenees.

The project is the brainchild of
BasrRhdne-Languedoc (BRL), n
Nimes-based development corpora-
tion run by the I zmguedoc- Roussillon
general cou ncil. Studies iiave shown
that by 2002 Barcelona's water re-
sources will no longer meet the
needs of the development of the
city's urban and industrial zones.

BRL is entitled to draw off 75
cubic metres per second of water

from the Rh6ne. To satisfy the water
requirements of Greater Barcelona
and its population of 5 million over
the next 20 years, 12-15 cubic me-
tres per second could be trans-
ferred southwards via pipeline from
(he canal which already connects
the Rh6ne with Montpellier.

In BRL’s view, the project has the
added advantage of guaranteeing
more reliable water supplies for the
languedoo Roussillon region. Oddly,
there is no infrastructure to carry
Rhine water further than Mont-
pellier. Every summer, local pre-
fects have to restrict the distribution
of a resource that is available in per-
fectly adequate quantities.

A month ago, BRL and ATTL,
Barcelona’s water company, set up a
European economic interest group-
ing which will do further research
into Catalonia's needs, check the
feasibility of the proposed technical
solutions, and define the scheme’s
management structure and financial
package.

Tlte scheme, which is expected
to cost 8 billion francs ($1.6 billion)
and create 3,000 jobs over four

yeare, will probably not need to dip
into the taxpayer's purse. It could be
financed by an international bank-
ing pool. Interest repayments would
come out of the Catalans' water
bills.

An initial feasibility study carried
out in October 1995 judged the
French proposals to be technically
sound. The two other possibilities
so far examined by the Spanish —
die drawing-off of water from the
Rbre river and a seawater desali-
nation plant — seem more difficult
to implement.

The flow of the Ebre can fall to
less lhan 15 cubic metres per sec-
ond in summer, and desalination
would produce water that cost up to
$2 per cubic metre as against just
under $1 under the BRL scheme.

The Spanish government, which
has decided to hammer out a com-
pletely new national hydrological
plan, will not take a final decision
until 1998. The Spanish environ-
ment minister, Isabel Tbclno, says
that priority will be given to using
the Ebre, If it turns out to be neces-
sary.

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1996

on the ground of the distribution of
toxic products. When people die,
the cause of death is not examined
by an expert, but usually ascribed to
this or that endemic disease.

All leading laboratories want to
see increased controls and have
called for “mobilisation’’. But very
few of them will go so far as to say
so in public for fear of damaging
their image in the eyes of customers
in the developed countries.

Similarly, laboratories are reluc-
tant to engage in often fruitless legal
proceedings because they are keen
not to ruffle the feathers of the au-
thorities in the country concerned.
They prefer to use the services of
private detectives, and are looking
into the possibilities of setting up a
joint agency aimed at breaking up
the traffickers' networks.

advantage of economic develop-
ments in certain regions of the
world. The crisis caused by the
devaluation of the CFA franc made
French-speaking Africa particularly
vulnerable.

Hospitals themselves often turn
to the black market because it
offers products at more affordable
prices. Hence the success in
Cameroon, for example, of so-called
“lawn pharmacies”, where street
vendors spread out their products
on the ground.

The International Federation of
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' As-
sociations (IFPMA) and the WHOj

WllLlll Ildivc a ftiCLVvum vj. vMiicopuir

dents throughout the world, are
doing their beBt to heighten aware-
ness of the problem in such coun-
tries as Zimbabwe, Togo and
Thailand and to centralise informa-
tion on the subject.

It is an uphill task, because most
of the countries concerned do not
have the necessary structures for
carrying out such investigations.
Much fraud goes on without the
public or even the health authorities
being aware of It, because it la virtu-
ally impossible to gauge the effect

Meanwhile BRL is looking to
Jordi Pujol, the powerful president
of Catalonia’s general council, for
support and feels certain that, de-
spite opposition from within the
Spanish government, its scheme
will be examined carefully, as hoped
by the French and Spanish foreign
ministers in July.

In LanguedoeRoussillon, farmers
have been the first to express con-
cern about the scheme. They can-
not understand why Spanish
farmers should be Bold water that
will only help them to compete with
their French counterparts.

BRL's president, Jean-Louis
Blanc, believes that the water, once
it reaches Spain, will not be used
much for agricultural purposes
since its price is bound to be way
above what farmers normally have
to pay. But young French farmers
persist in believing that Rhdne
water will end up giving their com-
petitors an edge.

Opposition has also come from
environmentalists. In July, the
scheme prompted Spanish Catalan
and Languedocian Greens to get to-
gether in Montpellier. Barcelona's
ecologist city councillor, Joseph
Puigj said: "What Catalonia needs is

PAUL CARRATIL head of the
London-based Carratu Inter-
nationa] detective agency, has
10 or so laboratories on his books.
He says: “Italy and Spain are the
European countries where laborato-
ries turn out high-class products.
But they also provide a back door
that allows fake products to come in
from outside the European Union —
their customs services are inefficient
and corrupt. France and Britain, on
the other hand, are well protected.

“But it is the countries of the for-
mer Soviet bloc that offer an ideal
environment for fraud: they have a
virtually nonexistent police force,
hi-tech factories and financial and
human resources controlled by or-
ganised crime. It's like the Wild
West out there."

But Europe has its black sheep
too. A 1992 Interpol report claimed
that Belgium was being used as a
transit point for Asian-manufactured
products bearing the label "made a
Belgium". The products were then

v.A|/Oi au iu iiuA.u ujiu uvuui «*»“•’

ica via the port of Antwerp and
Zaventem airport in Brussels.

Jean-Fran^ois Gaulis, the IFPMA's
head of public relations, feels only a
strong political response can pre-
vent a disaster from occurring. In
his view, the problem of drugs coun-
terfeiting is something the World
Bank, Unicef and the WHO, as well
as the laboratories, will have to get
to grips with. “It should never be
forgotten that we're dealing with
serious crime," he says.

(October 26)

not more water, but different poli-
cies as regards the economy and
depollution."

He estimated that 25 per cent of
the water in Barcelona's mains was
being lost through leakage, ana
claimed that 12 million cubic metres
of water were being poured into the
sea every year in order to prevent
Gooding in the metro.

Greens in Languedoc apparently
oppose the project, which they
describe as “Pharaonic", on more
political grounds. With regional
elections coming up in two years,
the issue could enable them to
score points against former Greens
who have gone over to the majority
headed by the regional councils
president, the centrist Jacques
Blanc — who also happens to be
president of BRL's supervisory
board.

(October 22)

SjtMm&t

Direcbeur: Jean-Marie Colombani
■ World copyright by
© Le Monde, Paris
All rights strictly reserved

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1690

Tutsi Rebels Threaten Zaire’s Future

Lynne Duke In Kinshasa

THE ZAIRIAN army's appar-
ent rout at the hands of Tutsi
rebels last week has given
rise to new fears that the slow disin-
tegration of (his vast nation, a
process underway for years, could
accelerate and further threaten the
stability of the central African
region.

Thus far, however, the main tan-
gible result of the chaotic fighting
near the eastern bonier with
Rwanda and Burundi has been a
rise in nationalistic fervor, along
with open ethnic hatred aimed at
the Tutsi minority. In the short run,
analysts said, these factors lend lu
knit the country together. In the
lung run. though, they may only
deepen Zaire's grave peril.

At slake is the future of one of
Africa's largest and potentially rich-
est countries, one long beset by
rampant corruption, crumbling
infrastructure and a government
whose reach and control have be-
come dungcrously weak. Linked in
Zaire’s prospects is the stability of a
densc-ly populated region already
reeling from ethnic wars and mas-
sive flows of refugees.

I. veil before the current crisis.
Zaire hosted more than 1 million
refugees from (lie clashes between
Mums and Tutsis in Rwanda and
Burundi. Last week's fighting has
pushed those refugees — a mas-
sive. potentially destabilizing wave
— farther into Zaire and made it
less likely that they will ever leave.

With President Mobutu Sese
Seko, Zaire's longtime strongman,
having spent around three months
in Switzerland undergoing cancer
treatment — and with the news that
his condition apparently has wors-
ened markedly — fear among diplo-
mats of a possible military coup
here have become more pro-
nounced.

A Zairean woman with a child on her back loots u shop as Goma
came under attack last weekend photi>wph .i&oR'\E mjjiau-.

Zaire’s military commander, Gen.
Eluki Mongo Dundu, sharply criti-
cized Prime Minister Kengo wa
Dondo for not providing swift and
sufficient support for the war effort
in the east against Tutsi rebels and
the Tutsi-controlled Rwandan army,
which has captured the towns of
Goma, Bukavu and Uvira.

“If the president had been here,

then the government would not
have acted so slowly," Eluki told
reporters last weekend, complain-
ing that Kengo's government "is
moving too slowly."

Mobutu has ruled Zaire for three
decades. Once a reliable U.S. ally,
he has progressively receded from
governance in the past several years
— first to a yacht on the Zaire River,

A Losing Battle Against Voter Apathy

COMMENT

Qoorge F. Will

PRESIDENT Clinton will win
more convincingly than in 1992,
when he received 43 percent of the
55 percent of the population 18 or
older that voted. That 55 percent
was a 5-point uptick in participation
over 1988, and this week the rate of
participation probably will resume
its decline.

Curtis Cans of the Committee for
the Study of the American Elec-
torate says low voting rates are
symptoms of a multifaceted sick-
ness in the nation's civic culture.
Writing in Roll Call, the newspaper
that covers Congress, Gans notes a
puzzle: Participation should be in-
creasing. The electorate is becom-
ing older, better educated and less
mobile; 5 million new voters have
been registered since 1992, largely
because of the “motor voter” law,
which enables people to register
where they get driver’s licenses or
welfare and other social services; a
large issue — the role of govern-
ment generally and the federal gov-
ernment In particular — Is being
debated; unprecedented sums ore
being spent on political advocacy;
voter mobilization is being encour-

aged by groups from MTV to the
AFL-CIO. Yet the time networks are
devoting to political coverage — a
leading indicator of the public's in-
terestedness — is down 40 percent
from 1992.

Gan9' list of culprits Includes
much of modern life: “anti-govern-
ment demagoguery"; the shift of the
Republican Party too far right and a
Democratic Party “without a believ-
able message more constant than
the most proximate public opinion
poll"; the atrophy of both parties
and most churches as mobilizing in-
stitutions; the savagery of attack
ads; government paralysis produced
by the national debt; the atomization
of society and the isolation of indi-
viduals produced by entertainment-
driven media.

In 1994 only 12 percent of 18- and
19-year-olds voted, and only 15 per-
cent of those 18-24. Of course one
wny to increase the voting rate
would be to raise the voting age. It
is said that conservatism increases
when the children need orthodontia
— when expenses concentrate
minds on disposable income. Simi-
larly, participation in elections in-
creases, says Charles Cook, the
election analyst, when people's
bookshelves are no longer made of
boards and cinder blocks — when

people are old enough to care about
things that usually pull people to the
polls, such as property taxes and
schools. But even people with better
bookshelves have been voting less
than they used to.

What age cohort has the highest
voting rate? The cohort with the
highest dependency on government
— those receiving Social Security
and Medicare. Participation in-
creases when politics is not periph-
eral to happiness. But, then, in a free
and constitutional society, elections
are of limited importance because
life's basic enjoyments are not at risk.

Arend Ujphart of the University
of California, San Diego, writing in
the Chronicle of Higher Education,
advocates compulsory voting — » fin-
ing nonvoters, as in Australia, Bel-
gium, Brazil, Greece, Italy and
elsewhere. Even small and irregu-
larly imposed fines produce 95 per-
cent participation in Australia.

Ujphart, a liberal, favors coercion
because he thinks low turnouts
favor tiie affluent and educated. But
policy preferences are more evenly
distributed in the population than he
supposes. And Lfjphartfa argument
concedes a point conservatives
make regarding electorates: smaller
means smarter. (Actually, It means
more schooled, which Is different)

then to a presidential hamlet in the
country’s north, and now to Lau-
sanne, Switzerland, where he is
bring treated for prostate cancer.
His illness, which wire services re-
ported lust weekend has sharply
worsened, has only deepened the
power vacuum.

Many observers have suggested
that the Zai re-Tutsi war, coupled
with Mobutu's absence, could lend
to Zaire's breakup into nuarchy and
further destabilize the African Great
Lakes region of Rwanda, Burundi,
eastern Zaire, Uganda and Tanza-
nia. Sunn* analysis say. however,
that ru nun s uf Zaire's demise might
be pm Mature.

"It’s quite a simplistic analysis,
number one. And n umber two, it
would be a complete disaster,” said
Aido Ajello, (lie European Union's
s|iecial envoy to the region.

Rather than a political breakup,
the opposite effect is being mani-
fested here in Zaire's capital. Stu-
dents ami others demonstrated
last week in favor uf the war effort.
Even Zaire's opposition parlies
were largely united in their siqv-
porl of tiie war. Some businesses
were collecting money at the week-
end for tile bedraggled military,
whose soldiers earn a pittance and
are paid only intermittently — urn-
uf the casualties of the corrupt and
ineffectual Mobutu government,
which has squandered the great
mineral wealth of this nation of 45
million.

Zaire's Banyaiuulengv Tutsis.
who have lived in the Mulenge
mountain region along Lake Tan-
| ganylka for several generations,
have been the target of a Zairian
campaign to push them out of the
country. That tension, abetted by
Rwanda, sparked the fighting that
has raged for since last month in a
thin swath of territory along Zaire's
lake-bound borders with Rwanda
and Burundi.

Gans, a Democrat but principled,
thinks Republicans should seek a
court injunction to prevent net-
works from declaring a presidential
winner until polls have closed in the
West. Gans says such a declaration
might depress voting, especially by
depressed Republicans, as much as
5 percent among the one-third of
those who vote after 6pm in Califor-
nia, Washington and Oregon,
where there are many close races.
Between 1980 and 1990 the winners
in 53 state contests or federal elec-
tions in those three states had mar-
gins of less than three percentage
points.

Regarding nationwide participa-
tion, Gans rightly stresses complex
cultural factors that are resistant to
Institutional reforms, such as the
“motor voter” law. In the most
telling test of that law so far — Ken-
tucky's 1995 gubernatorial election
— participation by persons who
registered when getting driver's
licenses was less than half that of
“self-motivated” registrants, and par-
ticipation was just one in 10 by those
registered at welfare agencies.

Finally, Gans may underestimate
the extent to which nonvoting is the
way many contented people express
passive consent to current condi-
tions. And nonvoting is a sensible
way for people who feel soiled by
contemporary campaigning to
express disgust

A Brave Man
Is Sent Down
In Beijing

EDITORIAL

A BRAVE 27-yenr-nld dissi-
dent leader named Wang
Dan is the victim of the Chinese
government's latest sullen mes-
sage to Washington on humnu
rights. The United States had ex-
pressed its concern that he was
being tiled for asserting rights
gin iron teed by Chinese law. Such
n step, Washington warned,
would weaken the American ca-
pacity to carry through a broad
policy of “deepening Chinn’s in-
tegration into the international
system." That warning was reit-
erated to Beijing on what turned
out to be the day before a
Chinese court found Mr, Wang
guilty of subversion Inst week
and i in prisoned him for ] 1
years. China was declaring thut
it consider* its human rights I
performance an internal mutter ;
and not something that cun lie :
part of the Immd re hit ion ship ■
the United Stales seeks.

The sentence takes out of ac- I
lion the last big name nf Chinese
dissl deuce to have survived the
Democracy Wall movement of
1979 and die Tiananmen mas-
sacre uf perhaps thousands of
democracy demonstrators in
1989. The other protest figures
known abroad are either in jail,
in exile or dead, hi that sense,
tills latest trial is n success for
Beijing. It has advertised its ex-
traordinary fear of the mutually
reinforcing political chemistry —
between homegrown dissidents
and their foreign encouragers —
that helped bring down the old
Soviet-bloc Communist regimes.
But it has also diminished for a
while the opportunity for that
chemistry to work.

The policy of promoting eco-
nomic reform as a substitute for
political reform still seems to
enjoy a consensus in the upper
reaches of the Communist leader-
ship, who are going to stick with it
while the current alow-motion
political transition goes on.

But there Is no reason for the
United States to condone this
choice. The situation in China Is
not onty repressive, It is unsta-
ble. Wang Dan's insistence that
democratic reforms are needed
in order to cool die "hidden lava"
of social unrest Is not merely a
statement of his political agenda
but a coolheaded analysis of the
Chinese reality. The totalitarian
government in Beijing is not just
an object of disrepute but a poor
partner for the United States as It
attempts to deal with post- Cold
War East Asia.

The Clinton administration,
following its predecessor, has
chosen a policy of Increasing en-
gagement with China. All right.
But that engagement must be
across the board: It must In-
clude an unwavering American
Insistence that China adopt the
civilizing norms of the countries
with which it seeks closer ties.
The requisite political support
will not be there for a policy that
Ignores central conditions of
human rights.

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16 gt)ctoashlr^itm.jJtisl /U.S., INTERNATIONAL

Bombing of U.S. Saudi Base Still a Mystery

R. Jeffrey Smith

SECRETARY OF Defense
Wiliam J. Perry said last
week that the United States
lias not yet concluded who was re-
sponsible for the June bombing of a
U.S. military compound in Saudi
Arabia, and he and other U.S. offi-
cials renewed calls for full coopera-
tion from Saudi authorities in
investigating the blast.

Perry was responding to a report
that Saudi authorities have been
holding about 40 Saudi citizens
whom tliey have concluded were in-
volved in the bombing and have
traced the attack to a broad conspir-
acy they are convinced was backed
by (lie government of Iran and pos-
sibly Syria. The report also said
Saudi security officials have not yeL
fully briefed Washington on llicir
findings.

"We have reached no conclusions
about who was responsible" for the

‘Engine Fault’
As 102 Die in
Brazil Crash

Gabriel Escobar in Stio Pnulo

17 Oil. OWING the disaster last
. week when n jetliner plowed
into a row of houses, killing all !X>
iH’ople aboard and six on the
ground, this metropolis began a
painstaking official review of what
happened to TAM Flight 402. The
plane was bound for Rio de Juneirn
when it crashed just 05 seconds
after taking (iff.

Officials at the Ministry of
Aeronautics said it was too early to
discuss a cause, but speculation
elsewhere centered on the right en-
gine. The Fokker 100 has two Rolls-
Royce engines, tuward the rear of
the plane, and technicians at the air-
port were quoted in newspapers as
saying there was a problem with
one immediately after takeoff.

The plane tilted to the right, ac-
cording to witnesses, and never
reached an altitude higher than a 10-
story building. One possibility is
that the right engine's braking
mechanism, which is deployed only
during landing, may have been acti-
vated. A pilot faced with such a
predicament could have responded
with several maneuvers to counter
the effect, according to analysts
speculating in the media here, but

bombing that killed 19 U.S. Air
Force service members in Dhahran,
Perry told reporters. He noted that
in the past he has "made dear” to
top Saudi officials the need for full
cooperation.

Other U.S. officials decried what
they described as a failure by the
Saudi Arabian government to share
al! it knows about the bombing with
the United States.

Saudi officials have withheld
some details of their investigation
from Washington out of concern
that the Clinton administration in
the days before the U.S elections
might rush to retaliate in a way that
llic Saudis would view as harmful.
Those few U.S. officials cleared to
learn some of what the Saudis know
have in turn withheld some of that
data from others In the U.S. govern-
ment, according to U.S. officials.

The report, in the Washington
Post on Friday Inst week, quoted
knowledgeable sources us snying

the Saudi government had obtained
confessions and other evidence that
it says implicated Iran as the instiga-
tor and sponsor of the attack and
also suggest potential advance
knowledge or Involvement by Syria.

U.S officials have sad recently
that they believe Tehran has used
its embassies and other resources
throughout the Middle East and
even in South America to build and
support an international network of
Islamic extremist groups under its
authority.

But the degree to which this or-
ganization, which has been dubbed
the "Hezbollah Internationale” by
some counter-terrorism experts, op-
erates as one coherent body under
Tehran’s central command remains
unclear, according to American
officials.

U.S. officials say the Lebanese-
based Hezbollah, or the "Party of
God," has received hundreds of mil-
lions of dollars from Tehran over

the past decade and served as Iran's
principal proxy for mounting terror-
ist operations against Israeli and
American targets in the Middle East
and Latin America. A big question is
the degree to wltich Hezbollah
groups in other countries also are
directed by Iran. Saudi authorities
have concluded the Dhahran bomb-
ing was staged by members of
Saudi Hezbollah.

Iran has been using its embassies
around the world to establish
Hezbollah cells "that operate under
the guidance and with the intelli-
gence of Iranian embassies," Philip
C. Wilcoxjr. the State Department’s
coordinator for counter-terrorism,
said in a recent interview.

Asked whether a "Hezbollah
Internationale" formally exists,
Wilcox replied. "Yes. if you mean by
that groups supported by and in
loucii with Iran." But, he added,
"how structured and organized it is,
1 don’t know ”

Bodies covered with plastic sheets He in the street after a Brazilian airliner crashed into a residential
area of Sio Paulo* starting a fire that engulfed homes and cars

the low trajectory of the plane may
have doomed it

An airport worker interviewed on
Brazilian television said he saw the
braking mechanism open and close
several times after the plane took
off.

In the aftermath of the crash, sev-
eral officials again questioned the
I wisdom of operating a busy airport

in the middle of a city with 12 mil-
lion people. One suggested that a
commission be formed to re-exam-
ine the issue. In the late 1980s, Con-
gonhas airport was almost
converted into a mall after the city's
international airport made it obso-
lescent. But the emergence of air-
lines like TAM and an increase in
domestic air travel gave it new life

as one of the busiest airports in
South America.

The death toll on the ground
could easily have been higher. The
plane just missed a school as well as
the only tail building in the neighbor-
hood. Immediately after the crash,
burning jet fuel created a river of fire
that coursed down the steep street,
burning parked cars along the way.

Getting It Wrong in the Search for Mr Right

OPINION

Ellen Goodman

FROM time to time in the history
of relationships, a creature re-
emerges out of the primeval muck
proclaiming that she has the secret
lliat Mil lead women into die hap-
pi ly-mar ried-ever-af tor.

In the 1970s, she wns The Total
Woman. This icon, hatched by Mara-
bel Morgan, guaranteed nuptial nir-
vana to women if only they stopped
"nagging" men and learned to greet
them al the door in nothing but n
towel. The Total Woman was respon-
sible for some ml her alarmed dri-
vers and one very happy publisher.

Now, in (he 1990s, site is The
Rules Girl, a female who makes die

Cosmo Girl look comparatively liber-
ated. Ellen Fein and Sherrie Schnei-
der have taken ‘The Rules" for
"capturing llie heart of Mr. Right"
straight from the past onto the num-
ber one spot on the best-seller list.

The Rules is a veritable compost
heap of Do's and (Mostly) Don'ts
for a woman — oops, girl — who
wants to master the fine art of
womanipulatinn. It's a how-to book:
How to make a man desperate to
marry a girl just like the girl that
married dear old great-granddad.

Among (he 35 "time-tested se-
crets" are these: Don't Talk to Him
First. Don't Cali Him. Don't Split tlie
Check. End the Phone Call and the
Date First. Don’t Accept a Dale for
Saturday Later Than Wednesday.
\jet Him Take the Ijead.

Now, my opinion on this subject
is suspect. As the authors warn,
"Highly educated girls have the
hardest time with The Rules. They
tend to think all (his is beneath
them." You bet.

But what this book shares with its
predecessors is a stunningly low
opinion of men — which in no way
seems to stop women from wanting
them. The Mr. Rights of The Rules
are hopelessly driven hunter-gather-
ers "born to respond to a chal-
lenge." They are also and absolutely
immune to change "because men
never really change." But they are,
at the same time, easily conned,
"conditioned," "trained" and twisted
around the finger ofThe Rules Girl:
"Do The Rules and even the biggest
playboy can be yours!”

GUARDIAN WEEKLY !
November 10 1988

U.S. Left OuT

In Nerve Gas
Treaty Moves

Thomas W. Llppman

A65TH NATION has ratified an
international treaty banning
production or use of nerve gas
weapons. This sets enforcement in
motion and sidelines the United
States, as a major arms control mea-
sure that Washington promoted for
a decade heads for enactment with-
out its participation.

Hungary deposited its ratification
documents with the United Nations
last week, starting a six-month clock
that will bring the Chemical Weapons
Convention into force on April 29.

Because the treaty has never been
ratified by the Senate, the United
States is precluded from particijMt-
Ing in enforcement preparations, will
not be represented on the teams con-
ducting international inspections,
and will not have access to informa-
tion those inspections develop.

Tlie Senate could ratify the treat}1
after the new Congress assembles
in January, but whether it will do so
probably depends on the outcome
of this week’s elections.

Conservative Republicans, includ-
ing Majority Leader Trent but of
Mississippi and Foreign Relations
Committee Chairman Jesse Helms uf
North Carolina opposed ratification
tlespile support fur llu* treaty front
the Pentagon, the Slate Department
and the major U.S. chemical manu-
facturers, and chi Id still block it if the
GOP retains control uf the Senate.

"1 would hope that mil side of elec-
tion year politics senator* of both
parties would wake up and recos- ■
nize the seriousness of the chemical
proliferation problem and tlie need
for this treaty to deal with it," said
Amy Smithson, a fellow at the Stint-
son Center in Washington.

“If we don't ratify, we'll be the
loser, because well have to live under
an enforcement regime devised by
oilier countries," said State Depart-
ment spokesman Nicholas Burns.

One of the most ambitious arms
control accords ever negotiated, the
convention bans manufacture, pos-
session or use of chemical weapons,
puts controls on the sales of chemi-
cals used to make them and sets up
a system of inspections to deter vio-
lations. Some 160 nations liave
signed the treaty, and the 65th ratifi-
cation will bring it into force.

Russia and the United States,
which have the world's biggest
stockpiles of such weapons, have
signed the treaty but not ratified it

If Susan Faludi penned such a
profile of the species, she would be
tarred for male-bashing. But the
authors' portrait of women isn’t a
whole lot more flattering. Without
The Rules, they’d be quivering,
smothering, marriage-lusting losers.

This is an era that has witnessed
the return of the girdle and the
push-up bra (see Wonderbra). We
shouldn’t be surprised to see die re-
cycling of the Tender Trap.

This book probably was con-
ceived as a self-defense text for
women who Btarted out sharing din- :
ner checks and ended up feeling ex- i
ploited. In fairness, some rules —
Don't Date Married Men — make
sense. As does the sub-subtext of
self-respect. 1 1

But this Makeover has some
bizarre contradictions for those of !
us who grew up breaking rules. Tlie 1
same Rules Girl who Is informed ■

that “Men must take the lead b
also told that "Men like women who
are their own person . . . "Single
women are supposed to act indepen-
dent Without actually being inde-
pendent Is it any surprise that
another rule is "Don’t Discuss The
Rules with Your Therapist"?

The old games were based on
mistrust. This ancient hostility
skids unhappily across the pages oi
this modern manual.

"Remember, early on In a re®*
tionship,” the authors warn, The
man is die adversary(if he's some-
one you really like). ' He lias the
power to hurt you .■ . . he runs the
show;” But if friendship is flgsJn9‘

the rules, why play? . .

There’s one good piece of advice
in this boot "Before; he comes to
your apartment tuck this book awa}
in your. top drawer." Aw hell,.p® ™
in tlie wastebasket

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1996

Oslo Wary
Of Day Oil
Runs Out

Fred Barbash In Oslo

MOST COUNTRIES have a na-
tional budget deficit, and the
“deficit problem" is one of the great
worries of our age — so much so
that you wonder what countries
would worry about if they didn't
liave one. Tlie answer can be found
in Norway — which has a surplus.

It turns out that a country that
has lost its deficit worries nonethe-
less about tlie deficit, specifically
that it might come back. Call it post-
deficit stress disorder. Call it pru-
dence. Whatever you call It, it’s
joyless.

Here is a country in a fiscal slate
nf grace — unemployment as low as
is prudent at 4.5 percent, the high-
est growth rate on the cuiitiueul,
one of the few European nations not
slashing its welfare stale — yet gov-
ernment officials, economists and
central bankers wring their hands,
cautioning, as the government did
Inst month in its 1997 budget mes-
sage, of the dangers of “exagger-
ated optimism."

Outgoing Prime Minister Gin
Harlem Urumllland. asked in an in-
lervii-w last month what is tin
biggesi issue she faces, said "the

i'i <

Norway is the world's m.-o»ikI
largest exporter uf oil, 2.7 million
barrels daily to Saudi Arabia's 7.7
million. | Iil- country is gushing with
oil mid flowing with natural gas —
most uf which, because of n popula-
tion of -1.3 million, it can sell else-
where.

Government revenue- from oil —
royalties mid taxes — is the reason
(here is no deficit. But are they hav-
ing fun with it? No. Instead of going
on a spending spree, the govern-
ment is pumping vast revenues
from oil into a Petroleum Fund to
provide for the day the wells run
dry. It’s disgustingly sensible.

The Norwegians haven’t always
been this way. They struck oil in the
1970s, got rich in the '80s, spent
great sums improving roads, build-
ing bridges, modernizing. They got
"hooked on oil," as they say. Then, in
the mid- 1980s, the price of oil took a
dive, and so did their economy. Nor-
wegians have not forgotten.

Roughly a year ago, the country
went through one of its most divi-
sive political debates, over a referen-
dum on whether to join the
European Union, the 15-nation "sin-
gle market" of 300 million people.

Those in favor of joining argued
Norway could get swamped eco-
nomically if It missed the EU wave.
Those against it contended joining
the EU would rob the nation of its
sovereignty and character. .

The voters — 52 to 48 percent —
said no to joining. Norway thus
joined Switzerland and Liechten-
stein as the only states in Western
Europe outside die union. Instead of
going down, the economy soared.

Tlie government is to pour
roughly $7 billion, approximately 10
percent of its revenue and virtually
the entire government surplus for
1997, into the Petroleum Fund. The
fluid, to avoid inflation and what its
managers consider artificial support
to the domestic economy, is invested
entirely abroad. Projections are (hat
by 2000, tlie fund will be worth
about §108 billion at today's dollar
values.

"What we have to do now," said
Hrundllnnd, "is invest in the future."

EUROPE / ®Jje toasjjington ftost 1 7

Berlin Goes on Building Spree

Jonathan C. Randal In Berlin

BERLIN BOASTS that it is
"Europe's biggest building
site,” but the German capital
is especially proud that the gigantic
construction effort to restore its for-
mer glory Is proceeding with a mini-
mum of noise, dirt and disruption.

Cranes galore, dump trucks by
the dozens and earth-moving equip-
ment in quantities worthy of an
army are much in evidence in the
vast expanse of downtown Berlin,
once divided and disfigured by the
Cold War wall and now billed as the
bustling future heart of Europe.

With Parliament due to move
from Bonn into tlie restored Reich-

stag building by spring 1999, Berlin
remains confident the deadline can
be met while respecting Germany’s
zealous devotion to protecting the
environment

Helping keep pollution and traffic
congestion under control is inten-
sive use of barge traffic and trains
to take away earth, sand and mud
displaced by construction and bring
in fine sand for concrete, steel, glass
and other building materials.

Vigilant Green Parly environmen-
talists are delighted with the tri-
umph of their ideals, even if they arc-
no longer in the Berlin government
— and chafe at their Social Demo-
cratic and Christian Democratic
political foes getting credit for poli-

cies they originally championed.
Hartwig Berger, the Greens' top
environmentalist, praised the engi-
neers for "this very good solution"
rather than relying on truck traffic.
He said he would like to see "more
operations like this."

With environmental concerns in
mind, a temporary bridge was built
over city streets for trucks to shuttle
between construction sites and a
brand-new railhead. The goal wns lo
keep construction traffic off roads
around Berlin’s Potsdanier Plalz —
perhaps Europe's busiest cross-
roads before World War II, but an
immense dead landscape during l be
Cold War.

On iIil- bend of the River Spree in

Berlin’s historic center, barges re-
move excavated dirt dnd mud to
Spandau, at the western end of this
sprawling city, and as far away as
old brown coal mines at Lausitz 30
miles to the south.

Near the Reichstag building, now
being restored for use by Parliament
for the first time since the Nazis
came to power in 1933, the Spree
has been temporarily diverted to
allow construction of a complex sys-
tem of car, railroad, subway and
commuter train tunnels that will
pass under the Tiergartcn park.

But uncrowdcd streets and public
transportation, and the general lack
of traffic jams seem likely to become
a thing of the past as Berlin braces it-
self for the onslaught of civil ser-
vants. diplomats, business people
and lobbyists that is expected with
the transfer of government here.

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1 8 (IHje toagfyington fltoBt / BOOKS

Children of a New Prosperity

8teven Peartateln

THE INHERITANCE: How Three
Families and America Moved from
Rooseweft to Reagan and Beyond
By Samuel G. Freedman
Simon & Schuster. 464pp. $27.50

IN THIS high season of national
politics, Samuel Freedman has
put forward n stunning refuta-
tion of the cai toouish view of poli-
tics found in much of the daily
press.

Here is n world in which candi-
dates connect with the fundament nl
aspirations of the people, in which
[tolilical operatives take their inspi-
ration from deeply held beliefs and
voters still look to government to
shn]M‘ the kind of society they want
to live in.

Author Samuel (i. Freedman, ft
journalism professor mid former
New York Times reporter, is no naif
about politics. His compelling story
of how three Catholic families made
the migration from Franklin Hoosc-
velt Denioerney to Ronald Reagan
Republicanism reveals a political
process rich in cynicism, selfish-
ness, manipulation, disillusionment,
hypocrisy, prejudice and corruption.
Indeed, it is precisely because lie
shows his subjects wrest ling with
Mu se demons that Freedman's ]mlit-
ical port rail ure achieves its clurity
ami luminescence.

Beginning at the turn of the cen-
tury, Freedman chronicles the shin-
ing political allegiances of three
immigrant families as they embark
on the distinctly American journey
from working-class city neighbor-
hood to comfortable suburb.

There is Silvio Burigo, the proud
plumber from New Rochelle, New
York, whose life was built on the
foundations of family, union and
bowling league. During the Depres-
sion, when his fellow plumbers
broke ranks and took up work at
less than the union's prevailing
wage, Burigo held firm, often scrap-
ing by on $10 a week as a night
watchman. And so thoroughly did
Franklin Roosevelt's public-works
projects secure Burigo's Democra-
tic loyalty that he would continue to
vote the party line even as new

generations of Democrats went to
court to force him to accept black
plumbers into his beloved Local 86.

Then there is Lizzie Garrett, maid
and housekeeper, who during the
Depression was forced to pack up
her family and make the trek from
Manhattan's West Side to what was
nothing more than a summer shock
along the Hudson River in Croton-
viile, New York There she took in
sewing and brought a Tammany-
like knack and enthusiasm to the
task of turning the Republican politi-
cal establishment out of West-
chester County and ushering in
Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.

Perhaps most interesting of all
whs Joseph Obryeki, who survived
the Depression and learned (he art
of community organizing by making
book in the back of the family’s bar
and restaurant in Baltimore. Years
later, his intimate connections to
that city's corrupt Democratic ma-
chine would be confirmed when a
subpoena arrived from the U.S. Sen-
ate's Kefauver Commission, which
was looking into organized crime.

WHILE BURIGO, Garrett
and Obryeki could instill
in their offspring a strong
work ethic, a pride of place, and an
abiding interest in politics, they also
I Hissed on a stubborn streak of inde-
[K-iulence tlint in later generations
would express itself in nn angry
rejection uf liberal Democratic poli-
tics. 'Through his political connec-
tions, Burigo secured a janitor's job
for his son-in-law, Frank Trolla, at a
local housing project — and in the
process exposed the extended
Trot la family to the breakdown of
family and civic life that to Lhem
seemed to flow from the Demo-
cratic welfare state.

Up in Crotonville, Garrett’s son, a
grave digger and amateur fisher-
man, received his political baptism
hi die murky waters of the environ-
mental movement. Richie Garrett
soon found himself at adds with the
local building-trades union and in-
creasingly drawn to the kind of lib-
eral Republicanism that, in New
York state, stood for clean water and
clean government.

Fear of crime, a distaste for her

Slipping Over the Edge

Dennis Drabelle

ICEFIELDS
By Thomas Wharton
Washington Square Press.
Paperback. 274pp. $12

THIS beautifully written first
novel by a young Canadian is a
man-meets-ice story. Icefields be-
gins with an L89S expedition to the
Arctunis Glacier, which is modeled
after the Athabaska Glacier in the
Cnnadion Rockies between Banff
nnd Jasper. Poking around a
crevasse, expedition member Dr.
Edward (Ned) Byrne slips over the
edge nnd wedges himself upside
down, in the process breaking his
collarbone and glimpsing a great
winged creature in the ice.

Rescued promptly, Ned mends
physically but afterwards is never
the same in his mind. He returns to
his medical practice in England, but
the ice won't let him go. His practice
dries up; his engagement ends; he
fears for his snnity because nt limes
he doubts he even went on the trek,
let alone saw the winged figure.
When he returns to Jasper Town-

ship, it has become the hub of a
park (at first provincial, later na-
tional), a rail link is being planned,
and one of his fellow expedition
members, Frank Trask, is promot-
ing bottled glacier water, guided
tours of the icefields, and a chalet
for paying guests.

jasper’s new residents also in-
clude Hal Rawson, who guides
tourists up onto the glacier; Elspeth
Fletcher, who works in Trask's
chalet; and Freya Becker, a travel
writer and seductress. While the
others make money off the ice, Ned
merely lives with it, taking notes,
observing the glacier’s gradual re-
treat uphill due to melting, becom-
ing expert in its stages and stunts,
even building a cabin on top of it
and moving in. "Glacial ice is not a
liquid," he writes In his Journal, "nor
is it a solid. It flows like lava, like
melting wax, like honey. Supple
glass. Fluid stone."

icefields is by no means without
plot. Hal and Freya become lovers,
ns do Ned and Elspeth. A leading
character falls to her death. Trask ft
nally realizes his dream of introduc-
ing "motorized snow-coaches” that

father’s illegal rackets, and a hus-
band's eoiporate career took Vilma
Obryeki Maeby and her family out
of Baltimore to the white-bread sub-
urbs of upstate New York. There the
Maebys fell in with refugees from
another corrupt political organiza-
tion — Dan O’ConneH’s Democratic
machine in Albany — even as they
themselves benefited from rapid ex-
pansion of Republican Governor
Nelson Rockefeller’s governmental
empire. So thoroughly did the
Maeby family take up the suburban
ideal that when the cultural revolu-
tion swept through the university
campuses in the early 1970s, young
Leslie Maeby rejected it.

The three stories finally come
together in 1994, in the upset defeat
of New York Governor Mario
Cuomo, the modern embodiment of

take tourists for a ride on the ice. An
avant-garde composer introduces
his new opus on a peak above the
ice and inflicts a spectacular doom
on the piano by pushing it over the
edge (found later by summer hik-
ers, the ivory keys “are mistaken for
the teeth of mammoths") .

But mostly the novel is about the
love affair between Ned and the ice,
conveyed in the author’s evocative
prose. Ned notices phenomena
overlooked by other Jasperites,
such as that “the branches of the
trees near the [glacier’s] terminus
all grow to one side of the trunk,
away from the knife wind blowing
off the ice."

OUT ON the ice for days on end,
he spots glacial events that no
one else sees at all: "Byrne watches
for three days as an architectural
wonder is created. The glacier
groans, cracks, thunders, and rears
up a cathedral . . . When the sun
breaks through the cloud, the cathe-
dral fills with light. The warmer {dr
hollows it Into a more baroque,
flamboyant shape. Spires, archways,
gargoyles, begin to flow. Waterfalls
set festive ice bells ringing."

Wharton also has a gift for enjoy-
ably offbeat dialogue. Here's an ex-

IU.USTRAT10N: RANDALL ENOS

Roosevelt’s Democratic legacy.
Traced over decades and against
the background of local and national
history, these familial conversions
enable Freedman to document the
shift in the center of gravity of
American politics — from Democra-
tic to Republican, from urban to sub-
urban, from liberal to conservative.
Freedman's writing is often superb.
And thanks to prodigious research,
the individual stories are rich in
anecdotal detail — such as the 1890
wage scale that put the value of Ital-
ian labor at $1.15 per hour and that
of "coloreds'’ at $1.25.

Not since Common Ground, J.
Anthony Lukas’s Pulitzer Prize-win-
ning story of Boston’s busing fiasco,
has any book so successfully cap-
tuned the sweep of political history
in the fives of ordinary citizens.

change between Ned and Elspeth:

—Tell me something about your
father.

— Oh, he’s a fierce man. When
my brother and I would fight he
had a truly horrible punishment for
us.

— What was It?

— He made us hold hands and
sing.

Icefields contains an anachro-
nism or two. Asked by Trask to
manage the chalet, Elspeth replies
with an idiom from today, not 80 or
90 years ago, telling him she would
“get back to him within a week."
And it seems odd that in 1898 peo-
ple in provincial Alberta know in-
stantly what’s wrong with Ned
(besides that broken collarbone)
after his fall: hypothermia. Fourteen
years later, the Titanic passengers
who resorted to life preservers
were pronounced dead by drown-
ing, despite having no water in their
lungs, because the concept of hypo-
thermia was unknown to medical
science.

These quibbles aside, Wharton
has ably captured the tum-of-the-
century feel of rural Canada, com-
plete with boosterism, a Victorian
adventuress, and teahouses in the
wilderness.

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1990

Paperbacks

Non-fiction

WRITTEN BY HERSELF
VOLUME II: Womenfe Memoirs
from Britain, Africa, Asia, and
the United States, edited by J||[
Ker Conway (Vintage, $16).

THIS second collection follows in
the wake of its acclaimed prede-
cessor, which focused on the life
stories of American women. This
volume comprises work from 14
contributors representing three
generations and four continents
Conway, herself a noted memoirist
(The Road from Cnorain appeared
in 1989, True North followed in
1994), has assembled a diverse
group of authors, many of them no-
table in various genres, including
Isak Dinesen. Gloria Warle-Gayle?
and Vivian Gornick. In her well-con-
sidered introduction, Conway dr-
scribes her choices as governed by
"the effort to see the resonance of
great events in different parts of the
world, the similarities and differ-
ences in experience shaped by envi-
ronment and history, and by the
authors* capacity to convey place,
politics, passion, and inner life."

NEGRO: An Anthology,
collected and edited by Nancy j
Cunard (Continuum, $39.90).

WHEN this landmark cullectiun
first appeared in HUM. it con-
tained approximately 2f>U pieces -
many with pictures and illustration? J
— enough poems, essays and arti-
cles to fill nearly 900 pages. lu-
nurd's goal. Hugh Ford writes in hi;
introduction, was "no less than j
comprehensive history of the a'r
lural, social, political and ar&stft' 1
achievements of the black people*1' ■
the world." Ford has edited And •
abridged Cunard’s original dow
ment down to a still-hefty 460 page*
His criteria for selection included
the historical importance of the
piece; its value as commentary on
contemporary racial developments;
its particular relevance to racial
problems in the United States; its
availability; and its quality as writing
of a general interest. All of the po-
etry made the cut, including such
durable voices as Sterling Brown.
Langston Hughes and Georgia Dou-
glas Johnson. More notable than
Cunard's prescience was her Inter-
national focus. Writings from and
about continental Africa comprise
some 315 pages of the original text,
along with 60 pages devoted w
black life and thought in Europe.

OVERSTORY: Zero: Real Life In
Timber Country, by Robert W
Heilman (Baequatoh, $14.98)' ^

ROBERT LEO Heilman bj8
worked as a logger but calls
himself an "aging hippy." Hell'** ®
small-town Oregon, provides re-
gional commentary on public raai ■
and has written this book to con-
sider the “strengths and was-
nesses" of his community; e special
concerning the issue of logging ow-
growth forest. The stereotypes
’preservationists’ and
barons’ have just enough truth uj
them to reinforce the images, oomy
mill owners really are greedy, ao
mill workers and loggers are ttw
ignorant and brutal, some environ-
mentalists are in feet utterly to*™
live to the needs of b]ue5°"J[
workers. But these individuate^
actually rare . . . Industrial and enjj
ronmental extremists are
much more similar to each out
than they are to the modem1®8
within their own camps.”

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1906

ACADEMIC POSTS & COURSES 1 9

Students face flexible future

A study of the flexible
US degree system
could lead to a radical
shake-up in Britain,
says James Melkle

HUGE numbers of British
undergraduates could do
half their degree in local fur-
ther education colleges under pro-
posals being considered by the
Dearing review of higher education.

They would spend up to two
years on smaller home-town cam-
puses, often reading for new “asso-
ciate degree" qualifications, before
transferring to universities or leav-
ing to seek employment.

Tile change to a “1! plus 2" system
would mean that expansion could
be quickly resumed without huge
extra maintenance and tuition bills,
as well as boosting local economies,
according to a growing lobby for a
radical shake-up in the structure of
Britain’s universities and colleges.

They argue that the doubling in
the university student population in
the past 10 years has failed to de-
liver variety in sub-degree courses,
despite the growing need for skilled
technicians. Numbers of students
following them have hardly
changed, while those on first-
ilegree courses have more than
doubled, and postgraduate courses,
especially those Involving little re-
search, have more than trebled.

A Bearing team of four is in the
United States to examine the univer-
sity and college system, where local
community and vocational-technical

colleges offer two-year associate de-
grees and other courses, while pro-
viding access routes (o state mid
private universities, which offer a
mix of four-year bachelor degrees,
masters’ postgraduate degrees com-
pleted in up to two years, and doc-
toral degrees that can take seven
years.

The team of four is investigating
students’ entry requirements for
both associate and bachelor degrees,
transfer arrangements between insti-
tutions offering two- and four-year
courses, die breadth and depth of
the curriculum and students' suc-
cess rates on different programmes,
and the attitude of employers to the
different qualifications.

Decisions on whether or how
such a system might transfer to

ILLUSTRATION: WAN ALLEN

Britain arc still some months off,
and recommendations will not go to
the Government until after the
general election.

A uniform pattern is unlikely to be
imposed in the British system, but
with research funding going to a
shrinking number of "Ivy League"
universities, there will be pressure
on universities, colleges and schools
throughout the UK to imitate more
formal American-style links.

Many universities would proba-
bly continue to tench undergradu-
ates throughout the three- and four-
year undergraduate degrees, which
political parties will not want to see
lengthened. But a "2 plus 2” system
would both allow more courses that
prepared students for traditional ho-
nours' degrees and cater for the

growing number of taught masters'
postgraduate courses.

Universities concerned about los-
ing a whole tranche of traditional
first-year students may be per-
suaded that expansion will mean
that more students who are better
prepared for advanced study will be
passing through.

In Britain, public spending per
higher education student, including
student support, teaching, research
and capital costs, comes to about
£6,680, compared with £2,700 per
further education student, exclud-
ing capital costs.

FE colleges have been expanding
by at least G per cent a year over the
past five years. Those in England
alone iinve 3.5 million students,
Although only 5 per cent are on
higher education courses, the num-
ber, UK), 000, including franchised
arrangements, is fast catching up
wilii the figure for those on nun-
degree courses in the whole of the
UK higher education system. It also
represents more than the entire stu-
dent population in universities be-
fore the pusl-Rnbhins excision.

'Hie beguiling message from (he
lobbyists for change insists Clint the
next wave of expansion will be
about standards, not demarcation
disputes, and flexibility of delivery
and study rather than permanent at-
tendance at lectures and seminars.

They talk about opportunity, not
threat. They can point to political in-
terest in more vnricty of menu, the
Treasury concern about the steeply
mounting fusts of supporting stu-
dents living away from home, and
labour's recent frank assertion that
"the possibility of a year of study at
the home university followed by the
completion of the course at the ap-
propriate university of die student’s

choice, can reduce pressure on
scarce accommodation and keep
maintenance costs down".

The campaigners also promise
that they want to build on existing
strengths In the further education
sector. Only 3 per cent of work is
geared towards degrees, yet 300 of
the 450 English FE colleges have
some higher courses, 90 have more
than 500 students on such courses,
and 40 have more than 1,000,

No one would argue the US sys-
tem offers a perfect model. Students
generally get less maintenance help
and face fees even if the division be-
tween private and public universi-
ties and colleges is not as stark as it
might appear, because of the multi-
plicity of state ami federal support
through loans, grants and scholar-
ships that accompany individual stu-
dents wherever they go.

Indeed, (here is concern among
American academics (lint fewer im-
tlergradunles arc completing bache-
lor programmes in four years
because they do so much part-time
work to supplement their supposed
full-time study.

Doubters will point lu the patchi-
ness of provision, if not standards,
in existing higher education
courses on offer in further educa-
tion. They suggest too much em-
phasis nn this new route could force
potential students on to courses
they did nut waul to do or would not
be suitable for. Enthusiasts, who
point out the FE sector already has
more IG-19 students than traditional
state sixth forms, say lit at m>w tin*
borders have blurred ui «uu_- end ol
their intake spectrum, they can bo
blurred more throughout students'
lifespan. A sea-change in attitude
from higher education will bring tlie
will to fill in Lhe gaps.

0-J

ill

AL Akhawayn University in Ifrane,

Morocco

An English-language instruction, American-style
institution of higher education, offers
Associate or Assistant Professor positions in:

Communication (January 1997)
Geography ( January 1997)
Economics (September 1997)
Psychology (September 1997)

Please address Information request and/or
Application with resume and names and
addresses of three referees to:

The Dean of the School of Humanities and Social
Sciences, A1 Akhawayn University, PO Box 104,
Ifrane 53000, Morocco by 20 November 1996.

e-mail :Shssdean@AIakhawayn.ma
URL:http://www.Alakhawayn.ma/schoo1s/shss/

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20 ACADEMIC POSTS & COURSES

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1096

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1996

ACADEMIC POSTS & COURSES 21

Association of Commonwealth Universities

oVvv *

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CHINA: upgrading language skills for
undergraduates In colleges across China.
Requires DA + TGFL Cert.

VIETNAM; TEFL teachers to upgrade
language skills of trainee teachers in small
provincial towns and for ESP teachers to
teach officials in city based projects.
Degree + TEFL Cert. + min. 6 months'
teaching experience.

PAKISTAN: setting up and running
courses for staff at rural development
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Pakistan in Locations along the Karakoram
highway. Degree + TEFL Cert. + min. 6
months' experience.

INDONESIA: requests for TEFL and ESP
teachers at tertiary level and for secondary
level teachers/teacher trainers. Degree +
TEFL Cert.-i- min. 1 year's experience.

SRI LANKA: setting up. co-ordinating
and teaching ELT courses in Universities

and for rural development organisations.
Degree + THFL Cen.+ min. 2 years’
experience.

NEPAL: based in rural secondary schools,
TEFL teacliers/teacher trainers needed to
teach pupils and work with serving
teachers on methodology: running
workshops and team teaching. Degree +
TEFL Cert. + min. 2 years’ experience.

CAMBODIA: provincial secondary schools
need TEFL teachers to teach pupils and
advise local staff in surrounding schools
on methodology. Degree + TEFL Cert. +
min. 2 years’ experience.

You should be aged between 20-70,
without dependants, able to spend at
least 2 years overseas working for a
modest living allowance, and have un-
restricted right of re-entry into the UK.

Chirliy no 313757

For further details and an application form, please
send a brief summary of your qualifications and work
experience- quoting ref. GW -to: Atha Murphy, VSO,
317 Putney Bridge Road, London SW15 2PN.

Or call 0181-700 1331.

Website: http://www.oneworld.org/vso/

Looking to fill
your courses?

Look rn
the right

place!

The Postgraduate Study
and Training Fair 1997

29 & 30 January 1 997

43. is • Vl ‘: 1 j'-' 1 1 1 {. ' I J| : f : • f f '■ |r- ■ I * I • : • 1 : ' ' 1

Interested in exhibiting?

Cm:I:

0171 383 2809

Visitors ml' <rr?o on 0800 2.ri2 183

Guardian

Tlx ‘01 ismrr

•if . •

A* A’

t • l*-i • i‘£v:

ip%L

pii

* \ r 4

fj :y-< v:r 4 I

r.v

UNIVERSITY

Africa and ths Caribbean

Botswana

West Indies (Trinidad)

Australia

ANU (Canberra)

Griffith (Queensland)

La Trobe (Victoria)

Melbourne

Queensland

Hong Kong

Unlv. Hong Kong

Hong Kong Polytechnic Unlv.

Paslflo

Brunei

South Pacific (Fiji)

South Pacific (Vanuatu)

P08T REF. NO.

AP Curriculum Development & Instruction W45367

Population & Development Social Scientist W45369

AP Statistics W45372

Senior Assistant Librarian (Information Literacy & W45373

Training)

P/SL Land Surveying W45362

L English W45370

SLA Tourism Research Mehods W45375

Chair Rural Health W4S371

Chair Taxation Law W45366

SL Engineering Technology Management W4635B

Chair Occupational Therapy W45359

AL & L Philosophy W4S368

SLA. CMI Engineering (Structures) W45376

L Obstetrics & Gynaecology W463B5

AP (Clinical) Urology W45377

Chair Chinese & Bilingual Studies W45374

P/Chair English Language & Applied Linguistics W45360

Research Fellowships 1997 W45361

Library Systems Manager W45363

Law Clinic Supervisor W45364

Et,

jn . ^

Abbreviations; P ■ Professor; AP - Associate Professor. ASP - Assistant Professor; SL - Senior
Lecturer, L - Lecturer; AL - Associate Lecturer

For further details of any of the above staff vacanclei please contact the
Appointments Department, ACU, 36 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PF, UK
(Internal, tel. +44 171 813 3024 (24 hour aniwarphono]; fox +44 171 813 3056:

■-mall: oppts8aDu.ao.uk), quoting reference number of poal(s).

Details will bo sent by alrmall/llrsl class post.

A sample Gopy of the publication Appointments In Commonwealth Universities,

Including subscription detolls, Is available from the same source.

Promoting educational co-operation throughout the Commonwealth

WARWICK

GRADUATE SCHOOL

Globalisation and Political Economy

MA IN INTERNATIONAL I’OLI TIC Al I t ONOMV
MA IN INTERNATIONAL S TUDIES

Professors: Susan Strange, Richard Higgott, Wyn Grant, Jim Bulpitt
Programme Directors: Geoffrey Underhill (IPE), Charles Jones (IS)

1 2 month full-time MA Programmes:
UK Research Council recognised

Supported by ESRC Research Centre
on Globalisation and Regional
Political Economy

Small Group Seminar teaching

One or top five UK research
Universities

Large University Graduate School and
dedicated postgraduate residences

Major Arts Centre on campus and
proximity to Royal Shakespeare
Theatres in Stratford

Information and applications: Ms Jill Southern, Room SL45, PAIS,

University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (tel: +44 (0)1203 523486; fax: +44 (0)1203 524221;
e-mail: RESAB@csv.warwtck.ac.uk); or search the university web site, the PAIS home page &t:

lit t pi//w w w.wo rwtek. ac. uk/P A 15/1 pe.htm
http://vrww.warwick.0c.uk/PAlS/is.htm

On 1 7th November 1 996

The Guardian Weekly will be publishing an

International Schools & Colleges feature

. r

1 : 1 , | To advertise ■

Tel: +44 161 $348686 Fax: +44 161 839 8686 >

Sidney Sussex College

Cambridge

Research Fellowship in the Study of
Sino-Indian Liberalization

The Coflega Invftaa application# from man and woman for a
Research Fellowship tenable for three years h the study of
Sho-lndian Lberafeation. The appolntinant 1# associated with the
launch of a Cottage Inter-dtadplhary research project In October
1997, the aim of which is to compare processes of economic and
political HberaBzation In India and China since about I960.
Preference may be given to applicants interested In the polUcal
aspects of Bberateation, espedafy the way in which Institutions
(broady defined) Influence the success of the Ibemflzation process.
However, weU-quallfled applicants Interested In ths eoonondca,
geography or environmental aspects of tMratizatkxi vs also
enootregod to apply. The successful candidate Is Italy to be
approaching completion of Ns or har PhD, or to have completed the
PhD wftHn the last three years.

The pensionable stipend of a Research Fellow Is £9,487 a year, or
Cl 0,798 If the Felaw holds the degree of PhD. A non-penstonsble
allowance of E2J100 wfl also be made to a Felaw not resident In
CoBege. The total stipend may be reduced by the College Cound If
a Fellow receives other emoluments. A Faflow wfl also be offered a
room In College, and will be enUttad to a FetaWs dtntra and other
■IgMa. Increments of E400 are payable in each of the second and
third years of tenuBL It Is hoped that the FeSow will take up the
appointment not later than 1st Ootcber 1997.

FLitharpartlcUare may be obtained from The Master, Sidney Suuex
College, Cambridge CB2 SHU. The doslhg data tar appkations to
6th January 1997.

Tha Cofega is an Equal Opportunities Employer.

NOTTINGHAM THIONT UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

MA in

Knvironmentiil Kduealion

In DisljuKT l.i aniiiu'

Tbis course is designed for teachers in primary and secondary,
environmentalists, conservationists and others who have enthusiasm and
responsibility for environmental education and training. As a distance
learning programme in Modular form, the MA can be studied at your own
pace over a minimum period of iwo years, leading either to an Advanced
Graduate Diploma or an MA.

The course integrates environment, enquiry and
education and students are encouraged to adopt a critically
reflective approach to environmental issues related to Iheir
own vocational interests.

For further details please contact Malcolm Rant at The
Nottingham Trent University, Faculty of Education,
Barnes Wallis Budding, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham,
NG1 4BU or telephone (0115) 941 8418 Ext 2206.

COM M 111 I: I > I O i X Cl 11 r M C f IN M'ARNfNC

■

i4(v. a/231I#^1hESS

m* 1 ■ • . , " • .

TV*prr

updfmandlng <

Yet. plus, lend me a umpla section of En^Uih Grammar In Step*.
Nairn:

Return this coupon to; Rkhmand PubteHnfl,.
19 Be Them Mows, tytbe. 1 ■ 1

HamitMnmhh, London WlCOHN.

RichmoticJ

1 ~ii 1 1

‘ 1 VriditCriM

COURSE ANNOUNCEMENT

Utmtmy******

A npWl^vi.

inkn/e&mdtkpd/r

r' •. %

Creating Common Ground

Ptanhuplfig Negotiation and Mediation
25 November • 6 December 1998

Modern peacekeeping la characterized by a wide range of
communications Interactions between all tha stakeholders
Involved. One of the main forms of communication Is
negotiation.

Negotiation as a process Is beat seen aa a complex skill (hat Is
baed on wall established theory. Given tha complexity of
modem peacekeeping operations, there is a need for NGOa,
the military, CIVPOL, the media, elections monitors and
diplomats to be competent and knowledgeable negotiators,
both wKh tha parties to the conflict and amongst themselves.

For more. Information! plies* contact:

TUITION; Vm cost, which Inckxfei
luftion, ■ mMt tnd grwt rtotpUon,
Accommodation, mull, rifonnoa
niAtadal, a dosing caromonlal his-
torical efinnv and transportation to
■M from tna airport, ii CDNS2.200
(partial scholars Npi m aval Labia)

The Registrar, Code 38
Paaraon Paaeakaeptng Centro accanmod»

Cornwallis Park, PO Box 100 iratariai, • c
Clam# ntaport, NS toricai rfvm

CANADA B081EO wMfromUw

tai: (002)1384111 (p-nwK^

Fax: (M2) 8384888 mV

Email: raglstrarOppo.odnpMeakNplng.na,oa
WWW: fitipdANWw.ednpaicakteplng.na.ea

Tta itaCwaowiraUitoeiMiato nuOM), ittUiMtiyaw

Oovammid orcansiM h ins, a Amml to pin. by tha DspamiM of NfUgii AMs m
InUnutfoad itada ml Via DspaonifiiofrUOonii Oihfloa of Cwdi.

U Cai*i ifbWm tfs IlfiriM amdsn tfUftidM • M# MM par Jb

OouiavnMianf df Canads an Wf U sodlin dnmtkr db Car** pravOnt u /wOq, dis
mMdirafdM AAm UangM of db oomnami laimiOMld dt Is dMMMMOviafc

University
of Durham

Principal of the College of
St. Hild and St. Bede

Applicants with a strong background in boik teaching and rosodiuh In
any academic discipline are invited to apply for the post ofPrinujtal ai
the Collego of St. Hild and SL Bede, following iho retirement of
Dr- Vernon Annltage. Applicant a should have tha ibility and experience
to provide strategic direction of the College, promote the academic and
general wollare of ill students and staff, and oo involved in nlernal
fund-mlsing in support of its future development. It Is expected that the
successful candidate will play a significant rale In an appropriate
University department, with time shared equally between department
and the College.

The appointment le tenable from 1 October 1Q97, at a salary level to be
negotiated with the successful candidate.

Pot informal discussion of the post, please contact Professor

E. A- V Ebswmth, Vtce-OunoBUor and Warden of the Durham Colleges.

on 0191 374 7681.

Further details may be obtained from (ha Director of Personnel,

Old Shire Hall, Durham DHl 3HP, to whom applications (5 copies)
should bo submitted, including lha names of three referees,
by 6 December IMfl. (Guididalea outside the United Kingdom may
submit me copy only). Teh 0191 374 3140, fax: 0191 374 72B3.
friAall: SnrJteaultODurbam.ac.uk

Please quote reference CM2.

The London Centre of
International Relations

Now offers the following;

■ MA In International Relations

■ MA In International Relations and
European Studies

■ Full-time and part-time (evening) study

■ Admission in October and February

■ MPhil and PhD degrees

For further details please contact:

Dr Hazel Smith, The London Centre of International

Relations, St Philips Building, Sheffield Street,

London WC2A 2EX

Telephone 0171 965 7612

Fax: 01 71 965 761 1

Email: H.A.Smlth@ukc.ac.uk

Excellence In Higher Education
Britain’s European University

UNIVERSITY OF KENT

AT CANTERBURY

The University of Reading

English for Academic Purposes

The Centre for Applied Language Studies offers the following courses In
English for Academic Purposes.

• English Language and Study Skills Course
13 January to 2 1 March 1997

• Pre-sessional English Language Course
2 4 April to 23 Septe m her 1 997

Students may join this course on specified dates throughout
the summer

Foi further details, please contact:

The EAP Course Administrator (GW),

Centre foi Applied Language Studies, University of Reading
Whiteknights, PO Box 24 1 , Reading, Berkshire RG6 6WB.

Tel: (01 1 8) 931 B5I6(UK) +44 118 931 85 16 (international).

Fax (01 1 8) 975 6506 (Ul^ +44 1 18 9756506 (international).

A centre of exceilenca for unfw rehy teaching and research,

Centre foi

Applied Language Studies

S University of the
West of England

BRISTOL

Faculty of Languages and European Studies

Postgraduate Awards in European
Business and Languages

These are well cstablislied. marketable and challenging awards
designed to meet the needs of graduates of any discipline who require
a broad -based practical training for business w>th a European locus.

The Postgraduate Diploma

Full-time (30 weeks) or part-time (60 weeks), beginning 29 September.
Students develop their technical and communication skills and an
analytical approach to problem solving Specialised translation or
interpreting and lower level foreign language options are included.

No prior knowledge of business studies is required. Fee (FT) £950.00

The MA in European Business

Students who successfully complete the Diploma may proceed to the
MA by research and dissertation full-time over 20 weeks or part-time
over 40 weeks. Fee (FT) £550.00 (plus Diploma fee).

European Social Funded places available for eligible appflcanls.

For further information contact:

Rachel Winn, telephone 0117 976 3S14# Faculty of Languages
end European Studies. UWE Bristol. French ay Campus,
Coldherbour Lane. Bristol BS16 1QY.

Promoting educational opportunity and the application of knowledge

School of Development Studies

Lectureship in Politics
and Development

uen

NORWICH

Appfictffcw uv bivtod for tfw above fulltime, pomsnax pan In Ac School of
Development S&xfieg, urable ftan 1 Septant«r 1997.

AppSorta should haw or eqaecttoccwyVac fata near fltuw » TO>md a
Rond or pubfiodooi on Politics retoad la dswfepkfl coueiriea. Orascas
experience, research endtar consultancy, b e—U. Experience h waddqg
triiUn a rouMcHsdpSmy coettxl would ban advaangc, aid the ^pllaia nut
be able to teadh up la MA lewd.

Tha appofamH# includes inenfeanshtp of the Omseu Development Group
which requires the sppotatee to node to one dfcd oftbrir time on tKtenafly
flnded March, aetata, and oonauhsocy aedrides, usually b dnrdopta.
oouffifcfr

Skfauy wO boot the Lecturer A iota £15.154 10 £19348 per main ex
Lecturer B into £20377 to £26,430 per men (abuy scabs under review),
ptasUSS benefits.

FtoihsriwirtnibresoflanappItetobM IbnaahatfldbaotoalBsd (ben (ha
Director of Fenenad and Regbhry Services, UnlitraNy of Bari Aotfb,
Norwich NR* 7TJ (wawerphawe 81603 50493, null

Itnauidgeeuejlil to he returned by 13 December 1998. Please
quota refbrtaea ACI26.

1HOLA! HALLO! SALUTl

Could you teach Spanish, German or Ftreacht

If you are a native or a good non-native speaker of one of these
languages, why not join our four week Intensive course leading to the
Tlrintty Collegia London Certificate in Teaching European Languages
between 6 & 31 January.

For further Information, including about fixture job opportunities, contact

Genevieve Hartop
Coventry Technical College
Butts. Coventry CVUGD.UK

Tel/Fax 01203 526742/3

W- V’

22 APPOINTMENTS & COURSES

guardian weekly

November 10 1996

FAftXt- Africa a registered charily committed to aKUdng marginal farmers and herders with protect* in Ethiopia, Kenya.
Uganda, "TtaunLi and South Africa, with an annual Income of £3m and a sufT of 1 1 In London and 2 SO In Africa, web the
foD owing

DIRECTOR OP FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION C.U5-30K

THE POST

A dynamic Individual U required to head up FARMh London bued finance and adminlstntloti team. It b a senior nunageoieai role
carrying suhuunlal respoattbUitles. The recipient will report tn ihe Executive Director and will be Involved in strategic dedilon-
tniting to ensure the euecilve and efilcleru running of the oiganUaiton
QUAVmCATlONS AND BHIUH KCK

The successful candidate wdl hold a recognised accountancy qualification, be well versed tn the use of Pegasus. Lotui and
WordPerfect, experienced Id financial planning and forecasting and an excellent camoumlcaior at all levels Including trustees,
don ore, and naff at home and overseas, frequent travel to project* In Africa will be required The candidate wtU be expected tn be
Involved In the day to day accountancy work. Experience In tbe voluntary sector Is destnbte but not essential.

KEY KJESP ONSIBHITIBS

1 Muuglng cash and Invntnimis 1 Developing ihe financial wategv

1 Ennirlng Adequate Aiuncli] controls 1 frorldiiig wand and llmdy found*] tdornutfen

1 Minting rxiriral rdadoni with Inlind tatnue, 1 Com rotting overseai amoirnu In Africa

auditor** Cfurkty CoituniMloarre, etc * ftnonart muugement tndudlng pensions. Insurance

■ Dereloplng ind revHing staff charten in UK and owraeas To; UK and cspvrlue stiff and sikry agieememi

* Supervision of III payroll 1 Knowledge of flxunclil reporting rcquireinutuof major

1 So pen blog genrril idpilahirrifran and iiuugeinecu offtdal aid dono/i (EU ODA, etc)

or UK and mreratoQcn

Cluilsg date l*«r appllcatkint IS November Only shortlisted applications acknowledged lotervicwi 25-26 November

PROGRAMME OFFICER London Based

1b writ at j member of the project* ream, on the pluming. development and support of FARM-Afrkas npldly expanding Held
progrinirnr Must be prepared i<» <pcmi a minimum of four months a year tnAfrlu-
QUA UFCC ATIO NS/fiXI EJU ENCfil
Onl)- (Imw wlih the fulluwlDg nrud apply:

« Am graJuace degree in agriculture <x forestry • Minimum nf 5 yearf field experience in rural

■ Fiprrirucr nfPiixjfti planning, lugud frameworks, prrpaijiiim deve-lopmrnt \u hasivm or Si lutliern Africa

nf hielgri^ ami fine Ung |inip'*ah ■ PRA Icihniqnri

• Flnantlaj' iiia tugr mem « AMlIry tonegnitue wlihik-vrlopLiifni

d»nitrsaiul nii-u

Kx| ■rib'll1 ■- ill tlir fi dii Artikg all

■ Ah aid • Purchadng pro Jr a eqitlptneiu

i. Fmtjigdaix- lor j|-jilkjUiH3s i LXccinber. 1*94 Only shortened applications acknowledged

If you require further Inforoutlon on our organisation please send an A+ sized SAB. Apply with CV: David Campbell,
Executive Director,?- 10 Southampton Place, LondonWC LA 2 BA

Programme Manager

Based In Monrovia, Liberia
Salary: £17,047 p.a. (UK non-taxable) Contract: 1 year

linaocompanled

Oxfam Is seeking a Programme Manager to • personnel and financial management
promote, develop Bnd manage Its activities experience • good Interpersonal skills

In Liberia. The current programme focuses • knowledge of country/region • capacity to

a small, highly operational emergency work under pressure and In often Insecure

feeding, water and sanitation Intervention situations • fluency in English, with
In an area of reoent conflict. The PM will knowledge of French deairable
also contribute to Oxfam's learning on • a commitment to Oxfam's overall alma

working In conflict situations, advl96 on and beliefs Including gender equity In all

appropriate advocacy strategies, and aspects of Oxfam's work.

Identify/develop contacts with local Benefits Inolude a comprehensive benefits

partners to form part of Oxfam'e longer package Including life end medical
term activities. Insurance and end of contract settlements.

Key competencies: • high level of analytical For further details end en application form
skills and Bblllty to think strategically please send a large a^.e. lei

• at least 4 years experience In relief/ international Human Resources, Oxfam,

rehabilitation at community level 274 Banbury Road. Oxford 0X2 7DZ.

• experience of working In emergency Please quota ref: OS/PM/UB/AD/OVB/GW.

situations • effective planning, Closing data: 5 December 1996.

decision-making and implementation skills interview date: 18 December 1996.

Founded in 1942, Oxfam works with people ragerdtoas of

race or religion in their struggle against poverty. tgmw

Oxfam UK and Ireland la a member of Oxfam tnternetkinai. m W W rat

Working for a Fairer World

O \ f ,1 m UK/I rotund is ;> t f I v i iul to bo .in e <| u <i I o i» p n r l n n i t y o mp I <> y or

44++*

Health Unlimited

Research Associate lied

Salary £26,577

The International Institute for
environment and Development le a not- Zu.J
for-profit polloy reaearoh Institute working on
Sustainable Development Isauee In the third world. We
are looking for a research associate to work on rural and
agricultural policy Issues within the Sustainable Agriculture
Programme and to coordinate the multi-year, multi-country
collaborative project 'Polloiee that work for Sustainable
Agriculture and Regenerated Rural Economies'. For this post,
a general understanding of both agriculture and rural
development Issues Is required. The poet combines research,
documentation, training and capacity development In both
the South end the North.

For the post an MA/MSc le required in agriculture,
economloe, environmental studies, development studies, or
related field. A minimum of four years research experience,
Including proven experience in policy analysis le essential, as
are excellent writing, editing and presentation skills.
Knowledge of French or SpanlBh le desirable. The successful
candidates must be available to travel overseas for two to
three months per year. Closing date: 29 November 1896.
Interviews scheduled for mid December 1996.

For further details and an application form please write
to the Personnel Officer at HBD, 3 Endatelgh Street,
London WC1H ODD, fax on 0171 388 2826, or e:mall on
IISDPeraOAOL.COM Please state the |ob reference
SucAg, No CVa please.

IIED alms to be an equal Opportunities employer.
Charity No. 800066.

Health Unlimited works In less developed countries to Improve
lilt health of r (immunities affected by conflict.

NICARAGUA: Project Manager

To coniinuc ilic implcmuiitnlion of a PHC training project in the
North Atlantic Cuast Region. Responsibilities: planning and
management, monitoring, maintenance of project accounts, financial
and narrative reporting, administration, logistics, and implementation
of certain project activities including training of Local health staff in
planning and management of health services. Essential requirements
(all min. one year): good written and spoken English and Spanish;
management skills and experience: experience in PHC; work
experience in developing countries; and excellent communication and
tepotting skills Salary £5WKI per month.

NAMIBIA: Health Educator

Required for Omaheke region working with the Ministry of Health
and scattered marginalised communities. Responsibilities: training
and education activities including; planning health education and
training, and producing materials; training and supervision of
community-based resource persons; facilitating health education in
local schools; liaison and collaboration with other agencies. Essential
requirements: good written and spoken English; a relevant
professional qualification; experience in adult teaching and training;
experience of PHC; ability to work in a small team; self motivation
and initiative; a foil clean driving licence. Knowledge of Afrikaans
desirable. Salary £700 per month.

Terns & roftrffrfeMs,' relevant training offered; contracts are for a
minimum of 1 2 months; flights, insurance cover Bnd living expenses
are met by Health Unlimited. Both posts ire unaccompanied.

Closing date 27lh November 1996.

Contact Lucy Medd, Health Unlimited, Prince Consort Home, 27*
29 Albert Embankment, Loudon SEI 7TS, UK. Tel: +44 (0)171
$81 5999 Fax: +44 (0) 171 582 5900 E-Mail: cl61@dlal.plpes.com

The CatfioUe Institute tor International Relations Is an hdopondent charity
which works to overcome poverty and Injustice In the Third World.
Working with people ol any religious belter or none, CUR is committed to
the pursuit or devaropmenl based on democratic participation, social
Justice or gender equality-

DESK OFFICER FOR DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN
RIGHTS IN LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN

(LoncfQiMjiUeGd) itfj.OtjG

Ttio pool Involves the Imp I erne tit at Ion of a complex programme of
raioarch, analysis, advocacy, lobbying and Information work. With
specific responsibility for GiiatemalAi Colombia and Haiti, you will
contribute to a wider crow- continental -pro gramme whloh looks at tho
tolo q( dvt groups In building peace and promoting dnmocfaUiatton. You
win have a good understanding ol peace processes, politics end human
rflghis In the region, In-depih knowledge of at least one of the throe focus
count rlaa and experience of lobbying and advocacy work. Proven witting,
communication and InLerpemmst eklflSr ffuenoy fn written and spoken
English and good working knowledge of Spanish essential. French fB
highly dssfmbfe. Applicants must havexeiJdenay/workfno rights in Ifio UK.

Datells/applloatlon form from OJIR
tef *171 384 0883, fax *171 389 0017 or
wrrte to Unit 8, Oancnbury Yard. 190a
New North Road, London N1 78J.

Cfoolng deter IBth Deoember 1996.
rntervlewa 13tti January In London.

Registered Charity No. 294329,

Rtf Iran

MINES ADVISORY GROUP

" Returning Mined Land to the Community Worldwide..."

Tha Minas Advisory Group is a U K. basad humanitarian charity
committed to addressing the problems of landmines and unaxptodad
ordnance worldwide. MAG. operates In Soulh East Asia, North Iraq and
Africa, implementing mine clearance and community awareness
programmes M.A G. is toiatty committed to a global ban on landmines.

DIRECTOR of OVERSEAS OPERATIONS

MAG. requires a Director to oversee Its programme activities In its
present and future areas of operation, currently we are involved in North
Iraq, Laos, Cambodia and Angola carrying out combined tasks of mine
clearance and community awareness the letter also In Zaire and Zambia.
We work alongside Increasing numbers of thB local population, now in
excess ol 1300 people. We have muHl-donor support upon which to
base our expanding activities

Applicants should have considerable community development
experience gained overseas In the humanitarian sector, as weU as
excellent management and representational skills at a senior level.

This is e senior position within MAG., the salary Is from £26000 to
£30000 per. year dependent upon experience, plus othBr benefits.

For an application form and further details, please contact:

Mika wataon, Mines Advisory Group, 54A Main Street,
Cookermouth, Cumbria, 0A13 BLU. U.K.

Fax No (+44) 01900 627088

The ctoslng date for applications Is the 29th. November. 1996

Opportunities A broad

for work in relief and dcwiitpmcm worldwide

1(1 isNUo a year wiili over 300 vacancies each issue

4 issues £30.011 (US$50) 10 issues £55 (USS90)
sent by c-nmil or airmail (please specify your choice)
plus free directory hy airmail on cither subscription.

Payment by Access. Delia or Visa credit card
or hy UK banker's draft made payable in:

World .Servlet* Enquiry
Shitruitf Skiffs iiiiJ Pubfuotuiff LfOWitiiiitv
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GUARDIAN WEEKLY
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24 FINANCE

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1996

Straws in the wind for radical change

Whoever is elected US
president this week will
have to come up with a
new economic approach,
argues Larry Elliott

THE 20th century has be-
longed to America in the way
that the 19th century be-
kinged In Britain. And, just as the
last years of tin? Victorian ora were.*
n nuked by arrogance mixed wilh
self-d+mhl in l.omkm, so the ap-
proach of the millennium is a time
for it assessment in Washington.

America’s pre-eminence has been
overwhelming. After sucking in im-
migrants. manufactured goods and
ideas in the first hundred years after
the Declaration of Independence, it
has siihscqurnlly exported its cul-
ture. its military strength and tin*
fruits of its relr-utli'ss inventiveness.

Fur Britain, America is pivotal.
The “special relationship" lias al-
ways been something of a myth, but
the transmission mechanism of l he
English language has meanl there
is a strong bund. Whatever happens
in America lends to happen, after a
suitable lime big. in Britain. From

FOREIGN EXCHANGES

8 tor I frig rale* SturlUifl ratal
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Sweden

S.-«tzerfand

USA

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10 34-10 35
247 24-247.55
2«.27 -206.45
10 59-10.81
2 .0203-2 0339
1 01 16-1.8126
1.2773-1 2784

rock ’ll’ roll to monetarism, from
fast food 1o out-of-town shopping
malls, where America leads, Britain
follows.

Both main parties in Britain
recognise this influence. Labour was
jubilant when Bill Clinton won in
Lt)92. the firsl Democratic presiden-
tial victory iu 16 years seemingly
[xjinling the way to a new pragmatic
form of left-of-centre politics. Simi-
larly, the 199*1 Republican landslide
was lauded by the free-ntarkel right
as a sign that the West was turning
ils back on Big Government.

Since his nadir in 1994, Mr Clin-
ton has bounced back. The tear that
the Republicans aim to slash
Medicare and Medicaid, and Newt
Gingrich 'm decision last year to
close down the government have
turned the Clinton presidency
around. He now looks the epitome
uf centrist moderation set against
(he wild men of the right.

lint Die anger and bewilderment
that two years ago brought Mr Gin-
grich In prominence have nnt disap-
peared. Many Americans are
working harder simply to maintain
living standards. Between 1973 and
1992. for the bottom 80 percent, the
wages of full-time male workers fell.
Only the lop 20 per cent saw their
real incomes rise, while the bottom
40 per cent saw their pny in real
terms slump by more than 20 per
cent.

Household incomes fell by far
less, because more women were en-
tering tin* workforce and their real
incomes were rising. However,
since 1992. for all but an elite, real
incomes of women have been falling
as well. The conversion of well-paid
jobs into lower-paid employment is
typified by median earnings of mid-
dle-aged men, down a third over the
past quarter of a century.

An added complication is that fu-
ture trends in social security spend-
ing do not look good. Hie cost of
health care and pensions is set to
rise inexorably, putting renewed
pressure on the budget.

One way of responding to this
combustible mixture is to rely on
the American “can-do* spirit To a
large extent, this is what Clinton

mttoa mu mdw dwm *r.» rt *ra.i . ms mo
Mu 1» U.7 * *41 BA Odd dam MM at U7U0.

CLASSIFIED

CAR HIRE

PAMBER CAR HIRE U.K <°) m4'1474’2

G? K.tAUl *r, no AO, woudlly, m aping, RGS ODD. (0} 1734 0W2RI5-

i Hwr t j\x ror\ k v.r.r>Oh_mv. roii ivitv. iv*_Tj\h,i>

we mcet y-our mc.in ano you couriMJL vonn juun*rt without ullavis..

has done, although his laissez-faire
approach has been adorned with a
chII for investment in human capital
and the desire to harness the power
of the information super-highway.

It could be argued that this is
about as much as could be ex-
pected. As Harold Meyerson put it
in the latest edition of the American
magazine. Dissent: 'They [the De-
mocrats) weren’t born for an age
like this; they are tor were) the
party of government at a moment
when government everywhere is in
retreat."

But there are already signs that
more radical solutions are being
sought. Unless living standards for
the bulk of Americans rise, the even

Trickle-down has
failed. Cutting the
taxes of the rich has
not boosted savings

more centrist Al Gore may be under
pressure from both left and right
when he seeks the presidency in
2000.

Even over the past 10 years. Mil-
ton Friedman and the rest of the
Chicago school of monetarists have
not been having it all their own way.
Over the next 10 years the debate is
likely tn intensify in at least three
areas. The first is whether the US
can continue to spend almost $300
billion a year — at least six limes
what Russia or Chinn is spending —
on defence now that the cold war is
over. The short answer, particularly
given rising welfare bills, is No.

Second, there will be an attempt
to make the tax system more pro-
gressive. Trickle-down — the big
idea of supply-siders in the 1980s —
has failed. Cutting taxes on rich in-
dividuals and companies has not
boosted growth by encouraging sav-
ings and investment. In 1980, the
top marginal rate of tax was 70 per
cent and the US savings rate was S.2
per cent. According to the holy writ
of the supply-aiders, the cut in top
tax rates to 31 per cent by 1990

M KM M MM MW

-. Mtmtr

should have boosted savings. But it
didn't. The savings rate tumbled
throughout the decade to stand at 5
per cent by 1990.

Allowing large chunks of the cor-
porate sector to escape tax should
have encouraged more investment.
Wrong again. In 1950, when corpo-
ration tax accounted for 26 per cent
of federal revenue, investment as a
share of gross domestic product
wns around 10 per cent. Forty years
later, the share of federal revenue
accounted for by corporate lax was
down to 9 per cent, but investment
was still only 10 per cent of GDP.

What has happened is that the
less well-off have had to shoulder a
bigger portion of the tax burden,
mainly through the flat-rate social
security tax. Living from pay cheque
to pay cheque, low- and middle-in-
come groups have been unable to
sustain the rates of consumption
growth and personal savings seen in
the 1950s and 1960s. As a result, the
overall growth rate has slowed.

Unless something is done to re-
vamp the tax system and redistrib-
ute tile fruits of growth, America is
set to be the scene of the decisive
struggle between free traders and
protectionists.

A new book by the American
economist Ravi Balra* points out
that, far from putting the brakes on
American growth, high tariffs have
historically encouraged expansion
and innovation. Despite a doubling
of tariffs in tile 1920s, America en-
joyed a productivity revolution ami
growth snared. The halving of GDP
during the Depression was due not
to the fall in exports caused by pru-
tectionism. but to fiscal orthodoxy,
which insisted taxes should go up
during a downturn.

For those eager for change, the
portents are good, however the bat-
tle resolves itself. A century ago in
Britain, free trade emerged victori-
ous over protection, but the political
fallout was an agenda for change
that within 10 years allowed a re-
formist Liberal government to
change the face of Britain.

'Die Great American Deception,
John Wiley & Sons, $24.95

In Brief

RTTISH Telecom la to merge
with MCI, the American
communications giant, in a $20
billion deul. The takeover would
create a rival for LIS group AT&T
as tlic world's biggest telecom-
munications group.

A BRITISH firm, Kvaerner
Cleveland Bridge Ltd, has
won a $ IBS million contract
from China to build (lie world’s
fourth longest suspension
bridge over (lie Ytuigtze river.

Dieter bock, who ousted

Tiny Rowlands from Ijonrho,
has stepped down as chief exec-
utive of the mining and hotels
conglomerate after selling his
stake to South African mining
group Anglo American for more
than $400 million.

YASUO HAMANAKA. Sumi-
tomo's former copper trader
whose unauthorised dealings
allegedly cost the Japanese
conglomerate $2.6 billion, will
plead guilty to two charges of
forgery, say his lawyers.

A DIRECTOR of ITC, a sub-
sidiary of BAT Industries,
has been arrested in India amid
allegations that the company ille-
gally transferred money abroad
and booked fake profits.
Kariyninknnduth Kulty was de-
tained along with three former
ITC executives.

THE European Commission
has formally accepted plans
by the French government to use
$8.5 billion from the state-
owned France Telecom to help it
qualify for monetary union.

INDEPENDENT fund manage-
ment group Invesco is to pay
$1.6 billion for AIM Management
Group if AIM's 3 million mutual
fund holders approve the deal.

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GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1996

FEATURES 25

* Man who never was’ finds an identity

John Ezord

ONE OF the lingering mysteries
of the second world war — the
identity of The Man Who Never
Was — has been solved by the per-
sistence of an amateur researcher.

The man was Glyndwr Michael,
aged 34, a homeless, mentally ill
Welshman who killed himself with
rat poison 53 years ago. His body
was used in a British Intelligence op-
eration which misled Nazi Germany
and saved thousands of British lives
in the Allied conquest of Italy.

Only three men — one of them
Winston Churchill — knew who he
was, although the exploit featured
in a best-selling book and a film,
both called The Man Who Never
Was, in the 1950s.

Now his name and his grave,
under a false military identity in
Spain, have been traced. They were
discovered by Roger Morgan, a Ix>n-
don council official and amateur his-
torian who became fascinated by the
mystery more than 30 years ago.

Mr Morgan said that he had
spent “thousands of hours" in the
Public Records Office, going every
month for a decade to scan newly
released papers. He found the name
In a government document on de-
ception operations. uIt was an in-
credible moment," lie said.

Glyndwr Michael was born illegit-
imate in Aberbargoed, Mid-
Glamorgan. Unemployed, he moved
to linden and lived as a tramp. He
was rejected for war service as
mentally ill. On January 28 he ate
phosphorous poison in a warehouse
and died. The verdict was suicide.

His body attracted attention be-
cause the coroner knew through a
friend, the forensic pathologist Sir
Bernard Spilsbury, that naval intelli-
gence was seeking a corpse. It had
to be of a man in his mid-30s whose
cause of death could be confused
with drowning. Michael’s remains
became the centrepiece of Opera-
tion Mincemeat, a scheme to con-
vince Germany that the Allies would
invade Nazi Europe through Greece
or Sardinia rather than Sicily.

Packed in ice, Michael was taken

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Michael’s grove in Spain carries the name Major William Martin

from Hackney mortuary, pul aboard
a submarine, then cast into the sea
near Gibraltar. Chained to his wrist
was a briefcase with forged official
papers hinting at bogus landings. In
his wallet were marks of a success-
ful life he never had, including a
snapshot of a fiancee. These named
him as Major William Martin.

The body was found by a Spanish
fisherman. The documents reached
German authorities in Madrid and
they thought the papers genuine.
MI5 cabled Churchill: "Mincemeat
swallowed rod, line and sinker."

Germany redeployed troops from
eastern Sicily to Sardinia. The
invasion of Sicily was bitterly con-
tested, but successful.

The operation stayed officially

secret. But in 1950 Duff Cooper
published a novel, Operation Heart-
break, giving unmistakable details
of Mincemeat

Threatened with prosecution,
Cooper hit back by threatening to
name Churchill as a source. The
security services decided to limit
damage by publishing their version.
Barrister and later judge Ewen
Montagu, a key operative in Opera-
tion Mincemeat, wrote the book in a
weekend. It sold 2 million copies.

Mr Morgan has been able to find
the name of only one family mem-
ber, Michael's sister Doris, born at
Tafs Well in 1911. He is eager to
trace her or her descendants and to
see that her brother's true name is
inscribed on his headstone.

Notes & Queries Joseph Harker

I A MHAT is the ultimate
•If irony?

rHE one after the penultimate
one. — Dave Hewitt, Glasgow

t(~T~ HAT WE see death every day
/ and yet live our lives as if we
were immortal" (The Mahab-
harata). — David Cottis, Putney,
London

THAT it takes a lifetime to un-
cover the purpose of one's exis-
tence and by then it’s too late to
benefit from the knowledge. — SR
Holland . Manchester

SURELY the presentation of the
Nobel Peace Prize to Henry
Kissinger. — Kenneth Woodward.
Wrexham, Clwyd

fJAS the evolution of sur-
■» names with their origins in
occupations or place names
ended, or can we look forward to
one day being Introduced to Mr
Programmer or Ms Consultant?

A JEWISH student once ex-
“ plained to me how he came to
share my common English sur-

name. It appears that neAr the turn
of the century, his grandfather fled
Russia and came to England. With a
surname the customs people at Liv-
erpool found difficult to pronounce,
they named him after his chosen
profession. Who's to say that some
information technologist may flee
for his life and start a new existence
in a new country? — Lindsey Taylor,
Morpeth, Northumberland

rHE surname/profession link
seems to have thrived in India.
Messrs Engineer and Contractor
represented their country at cricket:
Mr Merchant has had an impact in
the film world: and, if my memory
serves me well, a Mr Reporter fea-
tured in the recent Indian general
election. — B J Brownsword, Whaley
Bridge, De/byshire

/FI bought a second-hand
Formula One racing car, what
alterations would I need to make
to allow me to drive it on public
roads?

QUITE apart from needing first
to embark on a massive pro-
gramme of road smoothing (the
bumps and pot-holes of most roads

would simply break an FI car), and
a complete redesign of the engine
and suspension (FI cars are not
meant to be driven at 30mph and to
stop at junctions), it would also be
necessary to fit lights, indicators
and a horn. — Jonny Popper, London

Letter from Uzbekistan Jennifer Balfour

Taliban reckoning

/T SEEMS as If we have just had a
very close shave. The Taliban’s
dramatic surge northwards to-
wards the Uzbek border has sent
shock waves through Uzbekistan
and President Karimov scurrying
for meetings with other Central
Asian premiers. Recent news cover-
age on Moscow television showed
fanatics in Kabul shouting: “We
want Samarkand, we want
Bukhara!” and we wondered how
long it would be before they would
be lapping at our desert shores,
threatening to imprison women anti
girls at home and herd the men to
our recently opened mosques.

As with most international news
it took a while to filter through mure
pressing preoccupations such as the
latest dollar rale in the buvaar and
the position of our city in the cotton-
picking league tables of Uzbekistan.
But once this usual wall of indiffer-
ence whs breached the reality of the
situation began to sink in.

Distant relatives in Russia were
earmarked for refuge when the time
came, but those without a holt hole
could only watch and wait. Reac-
tions ranged from shock, disbelief,
anger nnd indignation. One friend
began to plot the Taliban advance to
his city. He decided that Bukhara
would be the first target as the
route from Ter me z. beside the
ancient Oxus river plain, was more
direct than the shorter, but more
circuitous mountain route north to
Samarkand. Once Bukhara had
been seized, he decided, it was a
mere four hours drive eastwards to
capture Samarkand too.

His worries were not entirely
without foundation since three
years ago an Afghan mojahedin
brandishing a Kalashnikov burst in
on a mullah at the locally revered
Sufi shrine claiming the Afghans
were on their way. “By the autumn
Bukhara will be ours!” he cried as
he was overcome by police. They
had seemed idle threats at the time,
but the spectre of those words was
returning to haunt us.

The rants of Bukhara nnd
Samarkand are inextricably linked
with those of Afghanistan. C enturies
ago. when nomadic tribes roamed
the steppes of the former Turkestan,
those of Persian origin settled first.
Communicating in Tajik, which
some claim to be the original Per-
sian, they formed strong cities and
civilisations. Eventually rural
Uzbeks settled in outlying villages
and spoke their own. Turkic-based

language. The Afghan tribes never
really abandoned their claim to
these “hofy' cities, wrenched from
them by the Soviets. After Stalin's
carve-up of Central Asia into five
republics, the Tqjik cities of Bukhara
and Samarkand remained anom-
alies, well and truly embedded in
Uzbekistan.

The hoiies of many that the coun-
try's Islamic roots would sprout
again after independence in 1991
have been partially realised. Presi-
dent Karimov treads a fine line
between those clamouring for
Islamisation and those for seculari-
sation. The Islamic parly itself has
been banned, nnd shoots uf funda-
mentalism are quickly nipped in the
hud. But were lie nut at least to give
moderate Islam some voice and a|i-
I lease llie gl owing numbers of polit-
ically active mullahs, his power to
control the ixmplu would be work.
New mosques open every week u-
gether with (he attendant call to
prayer five times a day and most
Muslim holidays arc now observed.
But the new fervour has barely
scratched the surface of [lervnsivc
corruption, extortion, alcoholism
and ancient superstitious practices.
Tlic adoption of Islam is mure n mat-
ter nf national pride and solidarity
against the former oppressors than
an active belief system.

/HAVE NOT met anyone wliu
would welcome a Taliban take-
over, but no one really knows
how many fundamentalists, are wait-
ing in the wing*. Most students are
cotton-picking at the moment, but
those who have escaped the annual
draft claim they will fight to the
death, drawing for inspiration ironi-
cally on the very same book that is
being used to impose sharia law in
Afghanistan, the Koran. But few
have rend it, even less understood it.

Most people are reluctant to fight
for anything. Salaries have not been
paid for months and protests are ig-
nored or punished. The result of
years of direct rule from Moscow
have made people afraid to speak
out. They are used tu sitting back
and waiting for help.

According to our neighbour, if
Russia couldn’t help, America must.
He had heard somewhere about a
reciprocal treaty signed by the two
countries offering mutual support in
the event of a crisis. “We have
promised to fight for America if
they are in trouble. They must help
us too: it is their humanitarian duty."

Any answers? A Country Diary

CAN ventriloquists “throw” Ray Collier I though j

their voices? If genuine, how take Dlai

their voices? If genuine, how
is the phenomenon achieved? —
Bob Heys, Halifax, Yorks

HOW many people has the
mobile phone already killed
on the road? — DrFBuruier,
Pampigny, Switzerland

DO RAINBOWS, or similar
phenomena, occur nt night?
— Vera Burini, Westerhope, Newcastle

Answers should be e-mailed to
weekIyQguerdlan.co.uk, faxed to
0171/44171-242-0985. or posted
to The Guardian Weekly, 75 Farrlng-
don Road, London EC1 M 3HQ.
Readers with access lo the Internet
can respond to Notes & Queries via
http://go2.guardian.co.uk/nq/

STRATHDEARN: The red deer
slag was roaring from across
the strath but he was still difficult to
find un the high slopes above the
River Findhorn. Then, through the
telescope, he came into view and I
could actually see his mouth open
although the sound took a few sec-
onds to reach me. His harein was
close by — 17 hinds and calves —
but they were quietly grazing and
ignoring the belligerent stag, Tw6
other slags were sounding nut their
challenge from different parts uf the
strath and it was likely (lint this
would be as far ns it would go —
vocal protests in the rut. Edwin
Landseer’s Monarch of the Glen
was a flight of fancy as a matriarchy
exists in the red deer world, al-

though just occasionally fights do
take place. Then, above the red
deer, nine ravens suddenly ap-
peared. Playing in the wind, they
rose up and tumbled down as if
learning to fly for the first lime. One
raven strayed too far along a steep
cliff face where n rowan wns red
with autumn colouring and sud-
denly, as if from nowhere, It was
chased off by a peregrine falcon and
made tn return to the other ravens.
The saying I know about ravens
only goes up to three so I wonder
what nine would mean: "To see one
raven «s lucky 'tis true — But it's
certain misfortune In light upon two
— And meeting with three is the
devil." Ravens have always featured
strongly in myth and folk lore and
havu always been credited with the
powers of prediction.

26 ARTS

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1886

The Turner Prize is back, with greater public interest
than ever. Adrian Searle scans the all-male shortlist

What goes around
comes around

I'ri

8ft!

HERE wc go again. Thr 1996
Turner Prize exhibition
opened lo (he public last
week a( the bimlun's Tate gallery
in the run-up lo the televised award
cerenmny on November 28. This
year's exhibit ion foul ures Cary
Hume's paintings, noughts Gor-
dons video installations. Cmigie
Ilorsfield’s photographs and Simon
Pattcivon's cnncrpLual name games.

It is a heller displayed and more bill-
ancr-d slow than in previous years,
and while past shows have ended a
week or so after die award cere-
mony, this one will run imli] Janu-
ary 111, undoubtedly in ivsijwisi* to
the affair's increasing popularity.

Elililic interest in (lie Turner
extends beyond the handing out of
checpies. and despite the drearily
predictable gor-bllmey-they-iniisl-
be-bonkers tabloid knee-jerk, il is
clear thut many people in Britain ac-
tually like contemporary art.

Tlie vole for the prize itself is on-
other matter. It is an all-male con-
test (his year, which doesn’t say
much for parity, let alone the per-
ceived achievements of women
artists these past 12 months. And, I
as ever. Che current contenders are
dealing with issues so divergent,
and working in such utteriy differ- [
cut ways, as to make n nonsense of
comiiaralive judginetits. Do you pre-
fer bananas or Ford Fiestas, the
Cairngorms or Persil?

Simon Patterson would probably
enjoy such mind-boggling dispari-
ties, as his work is a play on concepts
and definitions, objects and their
names. At best he is ns amusing as
he is scmiological. His key work
here is the familiar London Tube
map, re-cast so that stations and lines
are named after footballers, comedi-
ans, saints and film actors: Morning-
ton Crescent becomes Humphrey
Bogart, Baker Street is Charles Dar-
win, and Green Park is transmogri-
fied into Gary Lineker.

First commissioned in 1992, Pat-
terson's poster was meant to be
shown in the Underground, but was
deemed too confusing for the pub-
lic. [hough its effect would have
been hilarious.

His huge schematic mural of the
solar system, the orbits of the plan-
ets and comets around the sun laid
over an eye-rocking, wall-filling
colour spectrum, locates Nirvana,
Xanadu and Cloud 9 among the
heavenly bodies. An arrangement of
dinghy sails completes the show,
the appellations and boat numbers
usually printed on the sails replaced
by the names and dates of famous
authors. Patterson, I feel, is the out-
sider this year. He has only one cap-
tivating idea, and that came to him
while lie was still a student at Gold-
smiths' in the Inte eighties.

Gar y I hi me, just bnc k from repre-
scnling Britain at the S3o Paulo
Biennale, is another Goldsmiths'
alumnus. His iconic, ironical, wry
paintings arc utterly distinctive. In
effect, lie combines die accessible
with (he abstracted. He shows an
image of Kale Moss with n bur-
nished. blank head and an orange
halo — a kind «f latter-day, saintly
Veil us; a delightful reworking of a
Renaissance portrait by Petrus
CIirislus; a dancer's legs and feet; a
brightly coloured blob of a h snow-

man; a huge, extruded, nursery-
cblmmed yet sinister rabbit’s head.

Hume's paintings have an awk-
ward, knowing innocence that is ac-
tually very hard lo achieve. They
have a kind of instant, belated Pop
appeal, masking n perverse, inner
complexity.

Dougins Gordon's 24 Hour Psy-
cho, the Hitchcock film projected at
n mesmerising slo-mo speed of
around two frames n second, has be-
come u key work of the (xisl couple
of years. Now Gordon is showing
three new works, A video on two
monitors shows an intimate battle
between two hands, shot against
some rumpled bed linen. The
hands, wrists and forearms are the
artist's own, one hairy, the other
shaved. Fingers entwine mid writhe.
On one screen the left hand wins;
on the other, the right.

Hie little films make one think of
art-historical, pictorial rapes; of pink
skin ngainsl while sheets; inter-
minable battles of the sexes. Gor-
don's major work here. Confessions
Of A Justified Sinner, uses footage
from uu early film of Dr Jekyll And
Mr Hyde. Gordon's installation, pro-
jected on two large, frce-stnmiing
screens angled against one another,
dwells on actor Frederick March's
excruciating and still terrifying
back-aud-forth transformations from
good doctor lo horrible Hyde.

THE MILLING crowds in a
dance hall; a queue for the
circus; a family of Gypsies
amidst (he dereliction of the out-
skirts of town; u couple sitting word-
less, together yet apart, at a table in
a bar; a sequence of portraits of
anonymous personalities. Craigie
Horsfietd's ongoing black-and-white
photographic record of Barcelona,
the city and its people, is an attempt
not merely to catalogue but to
memorialise and analyse the city as
a place and as a social construct.

Horsfield's project, in collabora-
tion with Barcelona’s Fundacid An-
toni TApies. and with advisers and
groups in the city, has led him from
elegant neighbourhoods to a run-
down, city-limits barrio rife with
drug-dealing; from cheap dancehalls
lo the parliament in session.

His portraits face back at us with
an anonymous, estranged intimacy,
a moral meditation on the complexi-
ties of European identity — what we
share and what makes us alien to
one another. Far from photography
being a universal language, Hors-
field shows that it measures differ-
ences, and the unfathomable
psychological, linguistic find geo-
graphical gaps between us.

Horsficld and Gordon are un-
doubtedly the favourites Ui this
year's show. In a sense, both artists
deal with moral issues. Horsficld
seems in be saying that, yes, there
are such things as society and com-
immnlity, while Gordon addresses
Ihc dark, weird stuff going on
around and within us all.

The (rouble with Patterson's
work is (hat only (lie names have
been changed. Hume's work has
plenty of resonance, lots of charm
and inner complexity, but I don’t see
it as the kind of publicly oriented art
that will scoop the Turner. In the
current climate, who cores wins.

EBBS;

.vs-* <

Hi*

VfV-v ■ -

.jte • *

Marco! Cnrn£, and below, Jcan-Louis Barrault in Lea Enfants du Paradis

Paradise lost and found

PHOTO: FRANCESCA RUD0LF1

OBITUARY

Marcel Carn 6

Marcel carne was the

youngest and the last sur-
vivor of the generation of
outstanding directors — Ren£ Clair,
Jean Kenoir, Julien Duvivicr, Sacha
Guitry, Jacques Feyder, Marcel
Pagnol — who dominated French
cinema in the late 1930s. Of all their
films, it is that group directed by
Carn6 and all but one scripted by
Jacques Prd-vert — Le Quai des
Brumes, Hfilel du Nord, Le Jour Se
Leve, Les Visiteurs du Soir, Les En-
fants du Paradis — that for most
people today symbolise a golden
age of French films.

Carnfi successfully maintained
the secret of his exact age (in his
earlier years, his purpose was to dis-
guise his youth when looking for
work) but it is most likely that he
was born in 1906, die son of a
Parisian cabinet maker.

His father wanted him to follow
his own trade; and a period of train-
ing as a wood carver seems to have
given Carn£ his life-long concern
with craftsmanship, impatient to
earn money, he abandoned his ap-
prenticeship, to work in a bank, a
grocery and an insurance company.
The cinema, though, was irre-
sistible. As a child he adored a
magic lantern given him by his
grandmother. Growing up, he spent
all his spare cash on movies and

music halls, and took night classes
in photography and film technique.

In 1928, a chance meeting with
the actress Framboise Rosay led to
his being taken on as assistant by
her husband, the gifted Belgian-
born director Jacques Feyder.
When Feyder left for Hollywood,
Carn£ became second assistant lo
Ren£ Clair, whom he did not much
admire, on Sous Les Toils de Paris.
On Feyder’s return to France,
Carn6 rejoined him and remained
his assistant until 1935.

Carnes chance to direct profes-
sionally came in 1936, when Feyder
left for England (o direct Marlene
Dietrich in Knight Without Armour,
for Alexander Korda. Carn6 re-
mained in Paris to direct Rosay in
Jenny, adapted from a novel by
Pierre Roeher. He chose as his
script-writer Jacques Pr6vert, initiat-
ing one of the most productive
director-scenarist collaborations in
screen history.

In Jenny, Prtvert, Carn£ and an-
other future regular collaborator,
the composer Joseph Kosma, gave
style to a sentimental melodrama.
Their second collaboration, DrAle
de Drame, is much more Pn&vert
than Carn£, a crazy crime comedy
set in a fantasy London.

Camp's subsequent films, Quai
des Brumes (1938), H6tel du Nord
(1938) and Le Jour Se Leve (1939)
achieved unanimous acclaim and
defined a whole era of French cin-
ema, characterised as "poetic real-
ism". The dark expressionist look of
the films and the fatalism of their
stories of doomed fugitives undone
by love (Louis Jouvet in the second,
Jean Gabin in the others) chimed
with die mood of the Front Popu-
late and the ominous months be-
fore the second world war.

Unlike Clair, Renoir, Duvivier
and Feyder, the monolingunl Carn£
chose lo remain in France during
the war. The project of Les Visiteurs
du Soir (19421, a costume fantasy
set in the 15(h century and relating
how love triumphs over the machi-
nations of the devil, was clearly a
safer choice for the occupation
period than a contemporary subject
might have been.

'Hie apogee of the Cam£-Pr6vert-
Trauner-Kosma collaboration was
Les Enfants du Paradis, released in
1945. A fictionalised portrait of the
celebrated mime Debureau, the film

evoked tiiealrical Paris of the 1840s
and offered a haunting allegory of
the relationship and contradictions
of life and art. The film's masterly,
novel-style narrative and visual mag-
nificence betrayed nothing of the
difficulties of production, resulting
from war shortages and enforced
stoppages. With Trail tier's astonish-
ing sets, the great crowd scenes and
the playing of Barrault, Maria )
Cnsares, Arlctty und Pierre '
Brasseur. the film remains a menu- 1
inent of French and indeed of worirf j
cinema. Restored and rerod
recently, its magic proved to to*
undiminished after almost half a
century,

Carn£ enjoyed his biggest post-
war success with Les Tricheurs
(1958), a view of hedonistic Parisian
youth in the nuclear age, which now
looks sensationalised and hypocriti-
cally moralistic. Terrain Vague
(I960) was n more likeable but com-
mercially far less successful study
of delinquent youth. With his com-
mitment to traditional craft and stu-
dio shooting, Cnrn£ became a prize
target in the uottwlle cam-
paign of denigration of the “cihAw
de papa". His resentment of thes®
young film-makers, whom he felt
had destroyed his career, added to
his bitterness at the events of the
liberation period, stayed with him to
the end of his life.

But the last years of his film
were not lucky. A comedy thriller, Du
Mouron Pour Les Petits Oiseaux
(1963), and a Simenon thriller Trow
Chambres A Manhattan (1965) Bad
no success, and after Les Jeuiws
Loups was hacked by the censor he
repudiated it. , .

In his last years Carn£ remained
talkative, tetchy and truculent- He
felt that the French cinemas re-
newed success with big-budget pro*
ductions like Jean de Florette
Cyrano de Bergerac vindicated nw
unchanging belief in the well-made
film. He was given to iconoclast
views, even approving the “coloun-
sation" of Les Enfants du Paradis M
well as of his other black-and-white
classics. "I like novelty," he ex-
plained simply.

David Robinson

Marcel Carne (Albert Cranche), film-
maker, born August 1 8, 1 906; died
October 31, 1996 ■

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1990

Question time for Maxwell’s friends

TELEVISION

Roy Greenslade

HO says television is the
fastest medium? It has taken
five years since Robert Maxwell's
death, four years since his sons
were charged, nine months since
they weii- acquiiied anti nearly two
months since all other charges were
i.lruppetl before we could see this
fascinating, forensic account.

BBCl's Inside Story Special:
Maxwell — The I Jownfall was rivet-
ing. Nm because the story was
shockingly new. but because it wns
being screened at last. Here was a
visual record of corrupt ion. a filmed
record of the great and the good
1 wying court lo a fraudster.

The hairdresser captured his van-
ity in a sentence. The butler ex-
plained his extravagant greed. The
chauffeur gave us nn unforgettable
portrait of n man on the edge of the
abyss.

We watched senior politicians
smiling with the incorrigible cott-
innn as they enjoyed his sumptuous

65th birthday feast: (lie oleaginous
Jonathan Aitken, the fainjly embar-
rassed Malcolm Rifkind and the ail-
ing Harold Wilson.

Among these wonderful moments
there was none belter than the
footage of Maxwell dictating his
own publicity material while his
then chief of staff, Peter Jay. hovers
in attendance, the voice-over
intuiting: “Unquestioning execu-
tives helped In mould Maxwell's
image."

l or those in the know this was a
stunning settling of accounts. When
Toni Bower was writing his biogra-
phy of Maxwell in die 1980s Jay
harried him assiduously mi his mas-
ter's behalf. Now Rower was giving
RLiC viewers n chance In see Jay,
till1 BBC's economics editor, in n
new light. Truly, the BBC is a broad
I'ltiircli.

( >iu: of Bower's greatest suc-
cesses wns in obtaining unseen film
of Maxwell at the Jerusalem Holo-
caust memorial towards the end of
his life. As Maxwell weeps wit tie
talking of his slaughtered mother
and family, we cannot see his life as

anything oilier limit a cycle of
tragedy.

But Bower's film should nut be
seen as a history lesson. Even now,
so many people have questions (o
answer. By holding fast to subjndicc
rules while Kevin and Ian faced
fraud charges, they were able lo
maintain their silence. Now the
brothers are cleared it is lime for
them to help us — pensioners, em-
ployees, the rest of the City, Purlin-
iiK-nl. all of us — with our legitimate
inquiries.

During the court case it was clenr
from both prosecution mid defence
evidence that the professionals
should not escape responsibility for
Maxwell having plundered pension
funds. Bower urges us in ask llte
following quest ini r*.

Why did Coopers & Lyhnmtl fail
to spot that pension fund certifi-
cates were missing during llieir
audit? Why did the legal linn Tit-
muss Sainer & Wehh not question
certain dubious properly deals?
Why did brokers ami bankers give a
man they knew to be dodgy the time
of day?

Then there are the highly paid
employees. Why did a director of
Maxwell’s pension fund investment
company. Lord Donoughue. refuse
lo reveal Maxwell's activities, even
(hough he quit because of them?
Surely it cannot have been a £50,000
[xiy-uff?

Why did Peter Walker, suppos-
edly hired to become chairman, not
reveal to the world that the com-
pany was in more trouble than tin-
public accounts indicated? Surely
his silence had nothing to do will)
his £500,000 pay-t if P

Why did two Mirror Group direc-
tors. Sir Robert Clark and Alan
Clements, wait eight weeks before
acting after managing director
Ernie Burlington told them llml
Maxwell had removed £38 million
from the company?

Rurriiigtui] of ft- n-d one answer:
'They thought it was lor sninemic
else to sort mil." h multi he the
mutto of nil who came into contact
with Maxwell.

It's a tribute to Bower that lie, al-
most alone, has never left it in any-
one else. And he fought li'itacimisly
to ensure llml tile BBC lived up In
its promise by screening this docu-
mentary. Now we need tin- answers.

Love and bate . . . Michael Maloney and Zoe Waites in a Hamlet fttii of fury photograph mol ubbhrt

Family

affairs

THEATRE

Michael Blllington

OUTIC1ANS preach the im-
| | "<r lance of family life:

I m drama suliversively exposes

l the reality. Three classic plays cur-
I ri-ntly on in Lorn Ion by Ibsen, Shaw
iind Shakespeare all deal, in differ-
ent ways, with the cracks in the fam-
ily facade. But, in performance, it is
A Doll’s House that carries the
most emotional voltage: Anthony
J'age's new production at the Play-
house is the best since Adrian
Noble’s and, along with Who's Afraid
of Virginia Woolf, the most sealing
experience on the London stage.

A Doll's House is everywhere
right now: it is also being revived at
Birmingham and Salisbury and has
just been staged at the Guildhall
School in tandem with Elfriede Jeli-
nek’s acerbic sequel. This is partly
the strange synch ronicity of theatre.
It also suggests Ibsen is dealing
with a still unresolved dilemma: the
tension between individual libera-
| tion and marital happiness. Politi-
cians — and it was intriguing to
notice Labour’s Peter Mandelson
there on the first night — talk of the
nuclear family as if it were the an-
swer to all our social ills. Wliat
Ibsen far more ruthlessly reveals is
that, without equality, partnership
and self-realisation, marriage is part
of the disease rather than the cure.

Ibsen, however, presents the ac-
tress playing Nora with a problem:
does she suddenly come to her
senses and walk out on husband
mid family, or is her departure im-
plicit from the start? Janet McTeer
in Hagi-’s product ion unequivocally
takes the latter approach. Sin* pre-
xi-nls us audaciously with n Nora
who exists in a state of barely con-
trolled hysteria: a walking bundle of
lies, nvtuica and nervous giggles,
forever taking a quick snifter. The
crunch conies when Torvald, in
I' mills McGiijiiness’s excellent new
version, protests that “No man sacri-
fices his integrity for the woman hi*
loves", to which McTeer, in a state

of explosive outrage, cries, "Thou-
sands of women do!" Page's explic-
itly feminist reading leaves Owen
Teale playing Torvald, very plausi-
bly, as a patronising domestic bear:
you feel he and Nora have a marvel-
lous sex life but no emotional con-
tact. But Page, and McTeer. are also
honest enough to show that there is
something inordinate about Nora:
that she has a built-in death-wish
and yearns both for her husband's
professional and her own physical
suicide. I even began to wonder, for
the first time, if Ibsep's real heroine
isn't Mrs Linde, neatly played by
Gabrielle Lloyd: it is she who sacri-
fices herself for Nora's sake and
persuades her friend lo confront die
(ruth. Bui what this tremendous
evening proves is that Ibsen is still
chillingly relevant lo our own soci-
ety: that os long as marriage is
based un n lie, then political preach-
ing about a return to family values is
no mure than a hollow sham.

Sliaw, who ]MSsioua(ely admired
Ibsen, also subverted the myth of
family tics; nowhere better than in
Mrs Wnrreii's , Profession where
the cold-hearted Vivie Warren dis-
owns her brnlhel-keeping mother.

On an autobiographical level this
represents Shaw's rejection of his
own mother and transformation of
himself into a writing machine. On a
political level Shaw also shows that
society, not the individual, is to
blame for die fact that women are
driven to the prostitution racket by
economic necessity.

THE PLAY, Written in 1894.
uses Victorian means lo ex-
pose Victorian values. My
only cavil with Neil Bartlett's intrigu-
ing production at the Lyric Hammer-
smith is that by updating the nctiun
to 1924 il subtly undermines the
play's aesthetic: even the big climac-
tic lunthor-daughtcr scene is Shaw's
deliberately ironic inversion of Vic-
torian expectations. But Ihc playing
of Maggie Steed as the sinokily sen-
sual Mrs Warren, Catherine Cusack
as her brusquely dismissive dauglt-
UT, a Thatclicrilt* avant la leltre, and
Nell Stacy us the gaily solitary
Freed is1 so good ns tn make otic
iiveritiok the redundant updating.

Family values also come in for a
beating in Hamlet — - a piny that
deals with fratricide, patricide, im-
plied incest and (hat shows a father.

Polonius. setting spies on his osvn
son and using his daughter as sex-
ual bait. But the chief interest in
Philip Franks’s modern-dress re-
vival at Greenwich Theatre lies less
in the excavation of family relation-
ships titan in the reminder that Den-
mark starts on a war footing (all
military greatcoats and the sound of
distant troop trains) and in Michael
Maloney's exciting Hamlet.

Maloney combines intellectual in-
cisiveness with blazing passion.
This is not your pale, wan. moody
Prince blit a man so confounded by
the sweaty haste of Elsinore life that
lie just never seems to get round to
killing Claudius: reason is also
countered by uncontrolled fury as
in the scene with Ophelia (the
promising Zoe Waites), ingeniously
staged in a chapel, where he hurls
. the holy water anti wafers in her
face. Maloney ■ confirms Fraud’s
point that Hnmlet is a normal man
rendered neurotic by die peculiar
nature of the tusk he faces. Maybe
our 'Elsinore- fixation confirms our
suspicion lltal family life is a nest uf
intrigue and that the worst role
models of nil are those that are most
royal.

ARTS 27

Fab Four’s
final Come
Together

BEATLES ANTHOLOGY 3

Caroline Sullivan

THE critical scorn at (ending
the release of Anthology 1
feels a long time in the past,
though it's hardly been a year.
There has been a lot uf revision-
ism since Anthology went mi to
sell 6.5 million copies, widi
scoffers suddenly deciding that
its semppy out-ttikes ore inter-
esting after nil. They aren't , un-
less the thought of Ringn singing
cabaret songs in Spanish ftvnngs
your tiinng.

Hut ns the Anthology series
progresses, wind Initially fell
contemptibly mercenary is
starting to seem worthwhile.
Anthology 2's trawl through The
it cat les' psychedelic years pro-
duced some remarkable finds,
such us a version «f A l)uy 111
The life stripped down lo its
rhythm track. Such glimpses of
the biggest group In history nl
tlie height of their powers more
limn justified tin* filler tracks.

So it also proves with the third
and supposedly final compila-
tion, derived from (lie While
Album, U'l U Be and Abbey
Hoad sessions ( 1 titiK-dti). The
Beatles' last three albums bore I
scant resemblance lo llieir pix- |

deccssnrs; the Lennon mid I

McCartney partnership hni I by
then deteriorated beyond repair
und the four had almost slopped
recording as n group.

At least a few of these 5B
tracks aren't Ben ties songs at all
but stuff that would turn up cm
solo albums. Of these,
McCartney's feeble Teddy Hoy
best conveys die bad vibe when
it's interrupted by sarcastic
commentary from Lennon. The
songs that actually were group
numbers nlso reflect the tortur-
ous time. Witness John, Paul,
George and Ringo struggling to
co-opcrate long enough to
record Hey Jude, Something and
While My Guitar Gently Weeps.

Sometimes, as on Harrison's
Lennon -less version of [ Me
Mine, the four couldn't wen be
enticed into the same room
simultaneously. Yet when they
could, the rivalries were forgot-
ten and they were still capable of
magic.

These demos, out-takes and
handful of never- released items
are frequently acoustic. The sim-
ple arrangements are a stark
contrast to the fully fleshed mas-
ter versions, and often surpass
what ended up on record.

I McCartney's psychotic vocal on
. Helter Skelter, to name one, is
all the more disturbing for the
baroness of its surroundings.
Lennon's raw throat on Come
Together given that tune a charge
die official version lacks. These
are just two of the out- tokos that
ended up on the “do not use"
shelf when they should have
made il on tu tlie albums.

Subtitle this anthology
“Beaties Unplugged". It's an
unpreitified final shot that re-
veals them as real people who
just happened u> be musical
geniuses.

1 "Die Beatles, Anthology 3 (Apple)

I £22.99

guardian weekly

November 10 1999

28 BOOKS

Sour

Times

Alan Ruabrldger

Full Disclosure
by Andrew Nell
Macmillan 481ppE20

HIS Is a book which Tony
Blair probably ought to get
around to reading sooner
rather than later. Not for the bits
about Andrew Neil, which are inter-
esting enough in an abrasive if occa-
sionally Pooterish way but for the
bits about Rupert Murdoch. These
are rather more interesting, not at
nil Pooterish and rather disturbing.

Andrew Neil is the second Sun-
day Times editor to go into print
about Itis former boss. Harry livans
was I lie first, after his high-profile
break-up with Murdoch in the early
eighties. Itis book, flood Times,
Bad rimes, was loo easily dis-
missed ns the work of an editor
spurned. Neil, loo, has been
spurned. Hut while Kvnns never had
11 close working or personal relation-
ship until Murdoch, Neil whs for 10
years a political soulmate and
I r 11 sled lieutenant. He, too. lias axes
to grind and scores to settle. But his
portrait of Murdoch is. for much of
1 he time, bah need ;iikI sympathetic
— and ultimately more deadly.

What makes the account still
1111 ire telling is tli>- uncertainty as to
how much of the full disclosure is
deliberate and imw much acciden-
tal. Neil begins by sneering at those
who belk-ve the “common myth”
about Murdoch — that he "has loo
much power and influence land)
that he controls every aspect of his
newspapers on three continents".
Nut so, says Neil: "His control is far
more subtle.’’ That would be moder-
ate ly comforting if true. But virtu-
ally every chapter of the rest of the
book dramaticidly contradicts this
cuddly assertion, beginning with
Hie very next page, in which Neil
tells us: “Rupert expects his papers
to stand broadly for what lie be-
lieves: a combination of rightwing
Republicanism from America mixed

with undiluted Thatcherism from
Britain.’' So how does Murdoch so
subtly make sure that his papers
broadly fit in with his world view
(urrestingly described by Neil as
“much more rightwing than is gen-
erally thought")? It seems to be
rather as we chatterers always sus-
pected: a mixture of cajoling, bully-
ing and “calculated terror" ("he had
n quiet, remorseless, sometimes
threatening way uf laying down the
parameters within which you were
expected to operate1'). Editors who
resist hi in are eventually either
ground down or sacked. Politicians
who displease hint are cast into
outer darkness, ft's that subtle.

We learn tiiat Murdoch "detests"
John Major. Thai he admires
Michael Portillo. That lie “is deter-
mined to stop Chris Patten ever be-
coming prime minister". (Patten’s
strong line with Beijing has not
been good for business, given Mur-
doch's ambitious for his Hong-
Kong-hnsed Star satellite. Kelvin
MacKen/ie, the robust former edi-
tor of the Sun, had to endure almost
daily “bollockings" for failing to
measure up. Another British editor
suffered a nervous breakdown.

Though Murdoch reluctantly al-
lowed Neil to back Heseltine in the
leadership contest of 1990 it was not
for want of trying. He relentlessly

bombarded Neil with phone calls
denouncing Heseltine as "useless
and disastrous". When Thatcher
was doomed he swung his support
behind Major. NeQ stuck with Hesel-
tine: the other four Wapping titles
all followed their master's voice.

Neil's defiance over his support
for Heseltine was. he was later told,
a significant factor in his eventual
removal as editor. A more serious
error was to have revealed the way
in which British aid had gone to
build the Pergau dam in return for a
£1.3 billion contract to buy British
arms, together with the associated
sweeteners. An error because Mur-
doch badly did not wish to hill out
with the Malaysian prime minister,
Mahathir Mohamad, desperately
worried, as he was, about his satel-
lite interests in the region.

He berated Neil over the cover-
age, ordered him not to talk publicly
about the story . . . and eventually
moved him out of editing the Sunday
Times altogether. Neil was later told
by a British minister that Mahathir
had boasted how he had demanded
Neil's head. This, then, is the “sub-
tle" way in which Murdoch controls
his editors. They must be relieved
not to be working for someone who
employs less subtle methods.

MR BLAIR ought to read all
this precisely because
Murdoch — whether out
of detestation for Major or a gen-
uine admiration for Blair — is appar-
ently toying with the notion of
allowing some of his editors the lati-
tude to support Labour in the com-
ing election. To paraphrase a
distinguished former Sun colum-
nist, you couldn’t make this stuff up.
No sofl-lefL Hampstead intellectual
(to summon a rather worn-out Neil
demon) would in reality have con-
ceived of Murdoch as a proprietor
willing to ditch successful editors to
pacify tinpot prime ministers who
might harm his share price abroad.
But now we have his trusted former
editor's word for it.

Andrew Neil, the supposed sub-
ject of this autobiography, emerges
in a more sympathetic tight than
one might imagine. He was a brave,
incisive and energetic editor in
many ways, battling at the heart of
many of the major political hand-
fights of the eighties and nineties.

not always on the wrong side. His
Sunday Times ran many notable
and tenacious campaigns. He ran
important stories (Vanunu, the
Scargill-Libyan link, Pergau dam) as
well as some stinkers (the paper's
coverage of Aids and Death on the
Rock; its use of David Irving to
translate the Goebbels diaries). It
was both the papers strength and
its weakness that it was an embodi-
ment of Neil's own prejudices, ob-
sessions, blind spots and
chippiness.

And such chippiness! Sneering
references to Oxbridge and the Esr
tablishment litter the book. I
counted 59 allusions to Establish-
ments of one sort or another,
whether English, British, medical,
scientific, educational or Aids;
whether upper case or lower case.
What seems at first perfectly ratio-
nal, even admirable, becomes in the
end a tiresome obsession and a
meaningless mantra. Neil at once
relishes his “outsider" status while
wining and dining with presidents,
businessmen and ministers
throughout the world. He flies Con-
corde, lunches with British intelli-
gence, dines at the Reform, has his
driver drop him at the RAC. skis at
Aspen, and weekends hi his French
cottage — before once more re-
minding ns that he is simply a hum-
ble Paisley Gmmmnr bey with his
face pressed to the window pane.

Finally, the book is notable for its
sheer nastiness. He is scornful of
the paper lie inherited fruin Harry
Evans and Frank Giles, scoffing*
the “myth" that Evans’s paper had
been "an impnrlial re-cnnlcr of
events and issues". On jxige after
icige lie lakes ore Id denigrate tlir
tribe lie i-ndles-dy refers tu a» “niy
many eii'-iiiiev". fvuivs :iiv ‘‘OHlnl
with brt;ii hUikiug hmlality. Private!
confidences are gaily abused ii {
order In trash a reputation heretf
stamp on some unfortunate J

had once wronged Neil there. j

It is a shame that the overall lone
is so often sour, for it is an impor-
tant book, with many insights about ;
the eighties and nineties in British
political life. Blair should read it and i
sup with a lung spoon.

If you would like a copy of Full Dis-
closure at the discount price of £16,
contact Books@Guardlan Weekly

White House chameleon

Robin Renwlok

Clinton: The President They Deserve
by Martin Walker
Fourth Estate 306pp £20

HAT most people in Britain
know about Bill Clinton is that
he evaded the Vietnam draft,
smoked marijuana (but didn't in-
hale). had extra-marital affairs, re-
ceived Gerry Adams at the White
House anil at times has shown him-
self 10 he economical with the truth.
How, I lien, did this all-1 noli uni an
politician get to be President of the
United Stales? On that subject,
there is much to tear 11 from this ac-
complished hook by the Guardian's
Washington rorre-s[n indent, Marlin
Walker.

NEW AUTHORS

PUBLISH YOUR WORK

ALL SUBJECTS CONSIDERED

Flctton. Non FjciJon, Biography.
Rotfgious. Poeiry. Childrens-.

AUTHORS WORLD-WIDE INVITED

vVnio of send your manuscript to

MINERVA PRESS

2 OL 0 BRAMPTON ROAD. LONDON AWT 300

Readers will discover Clinton's
rise to be a story of single-minded
ambition. The poor boy from
Arkansas managed to attach himself
to Senator Fulbright, meet Presi-
dent Kennedy and win scholarships
to Georgetown, Oxford and Yale.

Pilloried for evading the draft, he
was in the company of the majority
of his fellow students in doing so. As
a Rhodes scholar at Oxford, he
played rugby ineffectually, be-
friended his tutor and his college
porter (whom he invited to his inau-
guration) bul experienced .1 Britain
palpably in decline.

At Yah.* law School, he met a girl
wiih thick glasses, brown hair, no
dress-sense nntl strong feminist
convictions. It was an unlikely hut,
from the outset, an intensely politi-
cal match. As the youngest gover-
nor of Arkansas, lie showed the
chameleon- 1 ike qualities in evidence
ever since. After one term he lost
for having appeared too liberal — n
mistake nut to be repeated. From
the beginning he showed extraordi-
nary debating skills, n desire to
please his audience and an ability to
empathise with them.

Having served on the McGovern

campaign, watched Carter go down
to defeat and supported Mondale
and Dukakis, he learned how to
lose presidential elections and was
convinced that he knew how to win
one. Clinton, instinctively, always
heads back to the political centre
and, if it shifts, so does he. The idea
was and is to turn the party away
from representing those on welfare
to those struggling to keep their
jobs and pay their taxes.

Yet he became president as much
by accident as by design. With
George Bush titling high after the
Gulf war, none of the Democratic
grandees who might have beaten
him in the primaries was prepared
to enter (he race. Clinton had more
ambition and less to lose. At worst it
would be good experience for next
time.

The character issue dogged him
all the way, exploding with Gennifer
Flowers and his televised confession
of "causing pain in his marriage",
while Hillary stood by her man.
Helped by Ross Perot, the aftermath
of the recession and Bush's manifest
lack of interest in domestic affairs,
he won the presidential election al-
most by delimit.

As Walker illustrates. Clinton has
always had, and has badly needed, a
fair amount of luck. But it is not only

luck. General Colin Powell declined
to run when the race was winnable.
Clinton waded through the New
Hampshire snows when, on all the
evidence, he had no chance.

As a result, he became president
before he was ready for it. The
brash and youthful team he brought
with him quickly earned a reputa-
tion in Washington as the gang that
couldn’t shoot straight. Most of his
Arkansas associates have left in
disgrace.

Yet Bill Clinton has learned a lot,
much of it the hard way, over the
past four years, in his first year, he
took the politically courageous and,
in tlie inid-term elections, costly de-
cision to raise taxes and cut the
deficit. The result has been lower
interest rates, higher growth and
more job creation. He was in the
end persuaded that the US must
show leadership and commit troops
to help bring peace to Bosnia. His
overtures to Gerry Adams started
as a gesture to the Kennedys, but
turned into a serious effort to help
in Northern Ireland.

The temptation is obvious to
compare Bill Clinton and Tony
Blair, New Labour and the New De-
mocrats. As for the leaders, the per-
sonalities are very different, with
Blair in hiB willingness to take risks

and lead from (he front more remi-
niscent at times of Thatcher than of
Clinton. But between the parties the
comparisons are close, as 12 years
of Reagan and Bush forced the De-
mocrats to lock their leftwingers in
the closet, just as they were by the
Labour leadership at Blackpool.

Blair would adjust quickly to
being in power. But it would be sur-
prising if there were not a re-run of
the confusion of Clinton’s early
months as others struggle to adapt
to the end of a long exile. Clinton
has just signed into law a draconian
programme of welfare reform. It
may very well fall to a future Labour
leader to have to do the same. |

Phone: (444) 181 384 8803

Fax: (+44) 181 324 8878

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' GOARtiiAN Weekly

November 10 1906

■ ■

Right out of my mouth

Nancy Banks-Smlth

The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations
Fourth edition, revised
Oxford 1 ,075pp £25

NOTHER damned,
thick, square book" as
George ill said. Or the
Duke of Gloucester. Or the Duke of
Cumberland. Perhaps, ns it is atuib-
uted to the three of them, they all
said it. How dreadfully dishearten-
ing for poor Mr Gibbon. Though
royals are rarely bookish, they often
turn up trumps with quotations.
Prince Charles gets in with his mon-
strous carbuncle, It is meticulously,
if tactlessly, noted that Raine
Silencer, his slcpmother-in-law, had
used the phrase "Monstrous carbun-
cles of concrete" (he year before.

Hie tiling is — how can we all get
in? The editor of the fourth edition.
Angela Partington, writes elegantly
that any c>f us could be candidates
for inclusion if only our friends
could be persuaded to repeal I he
more felicitous of our utterances.
When we consider our friends, this
comes as a bit of a blow.

A shrewder wheeze is lu play to
the editor's preferences. I appeared
in a brink of quotations by simply
observing that (lie surest way in
catch the Queen’s eye (lining a
I w.dknhiuit was to he a young, male
iMiviyuiT in a luimy lim silling in a

wheelchair near a boy scout. Prince
Philip, on the other hand, preferred
a nun with a periscope. As his
mother was a nun, he may have a
weakness for wimples.

Editors too, being only human,
have their soft spots. Mrs Parting-
ton has brought many justly neg-
lected women poets in from the cold
and added a fiery ud mixture of femi-
nists. She also seems to like a good
singsong. Songs and hymns, thrown
out of the third edition and their
hats after them, are reinstated. They
must feel like Chaplin’s tramp, who
was thrown out when the rich man
was sober and welcomed back when
he was drunk. Tin Pan Alley is back
with bells oil. Lennon and McCart-
ney. Bob Dylan, Tim Rice, Porter,
Berlin and Lorenz Hart.

Disturbing the deep peace of (lie
library, here come the wisecrack-
ers. Grouclio and Chico bul not, of
course, Harpo. Frankie H own'd
(“Such cruel glasses"), Frank Muir
(‘The thinking man's crumpet")
and Gipsy Ruse Lee ("God is love
but gel it in writing"). Actually, l al-
ways thought that was Gipsy's
mother. It certainly sounds like
someone's motlic-r. Ami, ringing
down the arches of the years with
the clarity of an angel us. is Mandy
liiei-Davies's unanswerable “He
would, wouldn’t he?"

(hu* way and another, this fo
vised fmirlli edition is jusi so much

OK ARC
YOU JLlsl

PLEASED

SEE ME?

ILLUSTRATION FROM S£< IUAD\ EflTlSMj BY DAVID SAUNDERS 1BATSFORD.MO1

jollier. There was a gap of 13 years
between the third and the fourth
editions and what a difference a
decade makes. You can hear the
snapping of corset laces and the
splitting of infinitives. Here is (he
most famous split infinitive in the
galaxy. Gene Roddenberry's “To
boldly go". To correct it is to ruin it.

As Raymond Chandler said: "When
1 split an infinitive, God damn it, 1
split it so it will slay split." Anony-
mous as God, the editor of (he third
edition laid down a stern proscrip-
tion. "U would be a vast and point-
less task to record even the most
familiar of advertisements, slogans
and other catchphrases." This edi-
tion has advertisements, slogans
and catch phrases in a new appen-
dix where they all bawl away mer-
rily like barrow boys. Don’t forget
the fruit gums. Mum. Drinkn piuln
milkti day. P-p-p pick up a Pnigniu.

Gu to work on it egg.

Altogether there are three new
appendices — slogans, quotations
of the nineties, and misquotations
— like (reals for good children or
lollipops ns llcvcltton culled them.
Quotations of tin- nineties are
quotes in quarantine. If these new
arrivals survive, say. five years with-
out foaming nt the mouth, they may
he safely loused intu the hotly <1! the
hunk. Hi-i'i- is the dying Dennis I '< u-
ti-r U'H'king his !,\si m\ nil things
liivelv: Tin- lilu<sum is uul lull innv
. . . and I see it is the whitest. In «lll-
li sl. h In-si. Ill iesl bids- 1 1(11 (lull llli-li-
eVei « 'I»ll III 111 " lel'1'V Will-mil's |
wniiij1. kind >'| sin 1 w. I ii. 111:1.

l’riiui-ss <i| Wales, Inis 'Thi'ie were
three Us in litis ttiiirriagi- so it w:i?.

•I bil trended" and “I’d like in hr a
■ p leen n| people's hearts." Hie
Queen, wltu will always In- cln-el; by
jowl witli Diana in bunks uf quota-
tions, as inevitably us E follows D.
has her annus horribilis. She had a
heavy cold when she said that ami
you still seem to hear (lie words
through the snuffle.

Word imperfect . . . Mae West
helps an advertising campaign.
But what she actually said was:

‘Is (hat a gun In your pocket, or
are you just glad to see me?'

Swift wins Booker after leading from the start

Dan Qlalster and Adrian Poole

RAHAM SWIFT'S novel
Last Orders opens with the
words: "It ain't like your regular
sort of day.” Tuesday last week
certainly was not for Swift as he
won the £20,000 Booker Prize.

It was, however, the sort of
day the bookmakers had pre-
dicted. Last Orders led the bet-
ting from the announcement of
the Bhortllst.

Swift*B novel, his sixth, tells
the 9tory of a day outing from
Bermondsey to Margate to scat-
ter a butcher's ashes at sea. In
common with some of the other
authors on this year's Bhortilat,
Swift had been nominated for (he
Booker Prize before — In 1983
for Waterland.

Tiyo “Booker bridesmaids"
were again left at the altar at the
ceremony at the Guildhall: Beryl
Halnbrldge, who has been nomi-
nated for (lie Booker four times,
and Canadian author Margaret
Atwood, who has been short-
listed twice.

The other shortlisted authors
were Sheiia Mackay for The

Orchard On Fire, Rohinton
Mistry for A Fine Balance, and
Seamus Deane for Reading In
The Dark.

The title. Last Orders, doesn't
come as a surprise. You
wouldn’t expect such a master of
the terminal as Swift to opt for
anything as upbeat as Opening
Time. His first novel ends with a
dying widower waiting for his
estranged daughter (The Sweet
Shop Owner, 1980). His fifth
concludes with another widower
whose attempt to kill himself has
failed. You can understand a
publisher choosing not to issue a
new Graham Swift just in time
for Christmas.

There is plenty of Swift's regu-
lar matter In Last Orders: that
old-fashioned thing "(he family”.
Its griefs and scars and vacan-
cies. There is bereavement,
remorse and guilt. Bombs and
orphans. War in North Africa
and on the North Sea. A clock.
Photographs. A moron in a men-
tal home. Some gallows-humour:
like the one about the hospital
nurse who, literally, just takes
the piss. Plenty of full stops.

Children are orphaned, adopted,
abandoned, fugitive. Men are
abashed at their own lack of
manhood. And women? Quite a
lot of question-marks, too.

Last Orders re-works much of
this matter in Ingenious ways. A
dying man Issues some last or-
ders to his wife and old mates
and adopted son. Jack Dodds
wants his ashes scattered off
Margate pier, for instance, and
we follow the route taken fry four
of the mourners. Seventeen of
the novel '8 75 sections are
headed with place names that
flash up like road-signs, or (he
stations of a more sacred
progress. Old Kent Road. New
Cross. Blnckhcath. Dartford.
And so on. Behind (his journey
there are secret histories and
motives which U would spoil the
fun to reveal. Suffice it to say
(hat (lie dying man has another,
more furtive design involving
money and gambling. And there
is more than one corpse and
more than one farewell journey.

It may well be seen as S wilt's
best novel. So for. One hopes
tiiat he is already brooding again.

BOOKS 29

Popular misquotations are
subbed, sharpened and improved
versions of an untidier original. No
one said “You dirty rati" or “Come
up and see me sometime" or “Play it
again, Sam" or "Me Tarzan. You
Jane". But they do now.

Titis is the book which, though al-
ways marked Do Not Remove, in-
variably vanishes to reappear on
desert islands. I would die without
it. If one good book, as Milton said,
is the precious life-blood of a master
spirit, this is n blood bank needing,
ns each editor knows, continual sup-
plies of new blood.

When I was a child we were ex-
pected to learn almost everything
by heart, ft was quite painless. I re-
member being only slightly discon-
certed to find tiiat (lie first sentence
of Paradise Lost wen! on for Hi
lines. I mopped up buckets of (lie

stuff, good and bad, and can wring it
out now like water.

As my father tapped barrels in
fhe cellar before the pub opened, 1
used to hear him singing “The com-
mon round, the daily task will fur-
nish all I need to ask" and the
arches of tile cellar made the sound
as resonant as a church. The com-
mon round, the daily task probably
did not offer enough because lie
would also quote from the now vir-
tually forgotten John Grecnlenf
Whittier “A longing she hardly dare
to own for something better than
she had known." And as he pulled
pints for customers in clogs and
caps, he would share Omar
Khayyam with them saying. “I often
wonder what the vintners buy one
half so precious ns the goads (hey
sell." And what, for £'J5, can you buy
that is halfso precious as this?

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30 LEISURE

GUARDIAN WE^kLY'

November 10 1996

• Alhif —

« \\tiUl,

j <r to,*

ILLUSTRATION: BARRY LARKING

IVa/fs that have no ears

Paul Evans

FOR CENTURIES the Lake
villagers within these Bronze
Age walls would watch the
wild niiluinnnl skies bring rain
across the Wrekin to fill the reed
fens, pools, bogs and alder woods of
the Weald Moors. Within the earth-
works the village became a farm,
and by the 1800s the remaining wet-
lands of the Shropshire Weald
Moors were finally drained by the
engineer whose name was adopted
by the new town nearby.

Telford lays siege to the flat peaty
earth of the Weald Moors again,
greedy for green field sites, nibbling
away at the edges with factories and
housing estates. And so the coun-
tryside, whatever that rnay mean,
changes: shadows sweep slowly
across a binds cape stitched together
with walls and hedges.

Within these walls Wall Farm re-
cently played host to the National
Hedgelaying Championships. Spon-
sored by Tarmac, that well-known
protector of the countryside, this
quiet landscape came alive with (he
buzz of chainsaws, the whomp of bill-
hook on hawthorn, and the fiercely
competitive rustling in the hedges of
determined men with an ancient art.

Richard is having a bit of a strug-
gle. Kathy gives coaching advice on

how to wrestle with the Medusa’s
head of a snarled-up tangle he has to
cut and lay at the appropriate angle.
’’He's only 1G and this is his first
competition." she explains.

Further along, the hedge-groupies
encourage their menfolk. "Geoff was
champion three limes and he wants
to win again," says Chris. What’s it all
about? ‘Tlie top prize at the end of a
lmrd-working day/ As they show
their skill of how to cut and lay,"
reads Chris's hedgeside verse.

Behind the marquees of ferrets,
falcons and free-range sausages lies
an incongruous looking heap of rub- I
hie. ‘Tarmac says it's granite, but I
think it's black limestone, and any-
way the groin's running the wrong
way," says champion dry-stone
wallcrTrevor Wragg, Trevor is from
the Fen nines and is picking up an
award for his restoration of a dry-
stone wall around Batter ton church
in Staffordshire moorland.

For people like Trevor, dry-stone
walls are not only the ancient signa-
ture of human struggle in the hill
country, they represent the very
character of upland landscapes.

Here he's building a demonstra-
tion wall and talking to visitors
about teaching the craft to stressed-
out executives. He is bemused that
anyone should find his work relax-
ing. "Years ago a shepherd or

ploughman would Btop and mend
their walls. Now there's no one to do
it, so they’re all falling apart," says
Trevor. “People come out into the
countryside to take stone from walls
for their rockeries." Trevor points to
a rock the size of a cornflakes packet
and says it's worth £5 in a garden
centre. There's big business in it."

In the week that the Council for
the Protection of Rural England
launched its campaign to protect
dry-stone walls for their landscapes,
ecological and heritage values,
Jacqui Simkins of the Dry-stone
Walling Association is sceptical.
There are no stand-alone walling
grants in England and Scutlnnd. "in
some cases, farmers have gut
grants for post and wire fences but
not for repairing their walls," she
says, "and in many places walls have
been shoddily restored by ‘cowboys’
because there’s no quality control for
the real work, only the paperwork."

U will cost £3 billion to repair al-
most all the 70,000 miles of Britain’s
oeglected whIIs. The Environment
Bill is useless despite pleas for dry-
stone amendments. "The people
who make the laws live in the South-
east where there are no dry-stone
walls," says Jacqui. Meanwhile
Eddy Grundy introduces One Man
and His Pig, and beautiful dark
clouds sweep across the moors.

Bridge Zla Mahmood

/T HELPS to have a reputation.

In this year’s Lederer
Memorial Trophy, an invitation
event for the beBt players in
Britain and guest stars from
overseas, my opponent credited
me with a piece of diabolical In-
genuity when I was in fact ju9t
doing what came naturally. Look
at the hand from South’s point of
view sb declarer in six clubs:

North
* K 10

V 4

♦ AQ10 6 2
*KQ865

South
4 9753
VA4
♦ KJ

4 AJ 942

This has been the bidding:

South

2*(1)

4NT

(1) North-South plqyed a strong
club system, so this opening
was natural, showing a club
suit. (2) Blackwood with clubs
as the agreed suit — a useful
convention, since a jump to 4NT
when clubs are trumps is often
unwieldy. Of course, if partner
forgets the system you arc going
to play in some strange con-
tracts, but North and South
were on the same wavelength
here.

I, who happen to be your left-
hand opponent, lead the queen
of spades. What card do you play
from dummy?

You may think that it does not
matter very much — surely the
lead must be from queen-jack to
some number of spades, so the
king is dead and your slam is
doomed. But there are certain
possibilities.

First, East might have the

West

North

East

Zla

44(2)

Blngleton ace of spades. In that
case It does not matter what
card you play from dummy —
the defenders can take only one
spade trick immediately, and
you will later discard your losing
spades on dummy’s winning
diamonds.

Perhaps West has the single-
ton queen of spades? Then, If
you play low from dummy, East
will have a difficult problem
with six spades to the ace-jack.
The winning defence will be for
him to overtake the queen of
Bpades with the ace and give
West a ruff, but If he falls to find
this play, you will once again he
able to throw your spade losers
on diamonds In the fullness of
time.

Finally, West might have the
ace of spades! Impossible, you
might think — who would lead
the queen from ace-queen
against a small slam? But the
lead is not entirely out of the
question. North, a good player,
will not use Blackwood without
at Iea9t second-round control in
all suits, so is likely to have the
king of spades. The desperate
shot of leading the queen could
be the only way to pereuade you
to go down in a cold slam.

Have you played your card
yet? South at the table paid me
the deep compliment of hetiev-
ing that 1 had led away front the
ace of spades. He put up the
king — and he went down, be-
cause I had on this occasion
done nothing more imaginative
than leading my singleton
queen. We’ll never know if my
partner would have been up to
finding the winning defence if
South had ducked.

That was the good news. The
bad news was that our oppo-
nents on this deal recovered
their poise sufficiently to win not
only die match against us, but
the whole tournament.
Congratulations to Joe Fawcett,
Glyn Liggins, David Price, Peter
Czemiewsld, Brian Callaghan
and David Burn. ®

Quick crossword no. 339

■3

lid

I t I

III

Across

I An olive
branch (5,8)

8 insect-secreted
resinous
substance (3)

9 Member of
secret order (9)

10 Soaked (6)

II A long way oil (4)

13 Straightforward
— order (6)

14 Amencan coin (6)

16 Poke (4)

1 7 Fortress IB)

20 Tyrant — poor
pressl (anag) (9)

21 Tavern (3)

22 Scottish beef
entile (8,5)

Down

1 Helped 15}

2 Paifcmn tourist

iitti.icijou i'. 1.2,8)
.» Effectiveness (dj
■J .-An fenne (6)

5 US TV award (4)

6 Being well looker)
after (2.4,7)

7 High-ranking
army officer (7)

1 2 Queen — tails
in Africa (B)

13 Certificate of
competence (7)

15 Famous film
dog (6)

18 Nasal cavity (5)

19 Repair (4)

Last week's solution

fcjBEddta HESEBH
bed amm

□□EDO EDQOQ13B

□ 0 D □ □ 0 □
QQEHEQD OEQQI

□ D DO Dl

□□□nEQQQS

eQ a □ oi

□□□□ □□□DEO

□ a a e E e
EDBEQEia □qbbji

□ EH DEI
□□ID DDE □□□DEE

Chess Leonard Barden

THE DEARTH of mqjor sponsors
for UK ches9 has meant fewer
opportunities for improving UK play-
ers who aim to qualify for Fide rat-
ings or IM titles en route to the much
harder grandmaster award. Hastings
and the annual BCF congress pro-
vide tough competition, but many
players prefer to commute daily.

Regional LM events need only a
small budget, and Newcastle's 40-
player, 0-round tournament,
financed with BCF help, was the
strongest event in the Northeast for
many years.

Kent's Danny Gormally in second
place achieved a master score after
defeating three established IMs,
while the Northeast’s two most
promising young juniors, Martyn
Junes, aged 11, and Gawain Jones,
aged 8, scored against internation-
ally ranked opponents.

D Gormally v G Wall

1 d4 15 2 Bg5 gG 3 Nc3 Bg7 4
h4 h6 5 Hf4 Ncti fi Nf3 dfl 7 e4
fxe4 8 Nxc4 Bg4 9 c3 c5 10
dxe5 Nxe5 11 Bxe5 Bxe5 12
(Ja4+ Bd7 13 Bbfi Bg7 14 0-0-
O h6 15 Hxd7+ Qxd7 10 Qc4
b5 17 Nxdti+ Resigns, if cxd6 18
Qe4+ wins a rook.

D Bryson v D Bisby

1 e4 d6 2 d4 NfB 3 Nc3 g6 4 f4
Bg7 5 Nf3 0-0 6 Bd3 Na6 7 e5
Nd7 8 h4 c5 9 h5 cxd4 10 hxg6
dxc3 11 Ng5 Nxe5 12 Qh5 h6
13 fee5 Be6 14 gxf7+ Bxf7 15
Bh7+ Kh8 10 Nxf7+ Rxf7 17
Qxf7 cxb2 18 Bd3 bxclQ+ 19
Rxcl Qg8 20 Qg6 Resigns.

English juniors dominated the
SCCU international at Golders
Green, London, where the Surrey
schoolboy Richard Bates shared
first prize and achieved his second
IM norm. In the tournament’s
quickest miniature, White angles
from an early stage for a simple but
highly effective bishop offer at g6.

J Richardson v A Pickersgill

1 d4 NfB 2 c4 e6 3 Nc3 Bb4 4
Bg5 h6 5 Bh4 c5 6 d5 Bxc3+ 7
hxc3 dG 8 e3 e6 9 Bd3 0-0 10
No2 Qe7 11 0-0 Re8 12 BxiB
Qxl3 13 Ng3 Nd7 14 Qc2 g6 15
f4 Qc7 16 Bxg6 fcg6 17 Qxg6+
Kh8 18 Nf5 NfB 19 QxhG+ Qh7
20 QK3+ Resigns.

The Guinness Book of CheBS
Grandmasters by William Hartston
(£14.991 is a popular pictorial history
of competitive chess, with nearly 300

games. It’s a pleasant and easy read
which should suit as a Christina
chess gift Hartston is good on tin
evolution of ideas and strategy, le*
assured on key personalities.

No 2446

a b o d

r s

White mates in two moves,
against any defence (by A Eller-
man). A brainteaser which won a
composer’s trophy and defeated

many earlier solvers.

. 1 '

No 2446: 1 Rg2. If Bxg2 2
and 3 Qb7,3 Qc6 or 3 Qd5. If 1 • • ■

2 Qf3! (not 2 Qxh3 Ke7) gxf3 3 Rp-
If Kc7 2 etn Kb6 3 Qb8. U Ke6 2 R«
Kd7 (B moves 3 Qxg4) 3 e6.

GUARDIAN WEEKLY
November 10 1996

SPORT 31

Rugby League New Zealand 32 Great Britain 12

Lions given a mauling

Sports Diary Shiv Sharma

Swiss rolled over

Andy Wilson in Christchurch

Great Britain’s troubled

tour of New Zealand ended
in humiliation with defeat by
a record 20-point margin to com-
plete a 3-0 Test series whitewash.
Terry O'Connor, the British prop,
spoke for the whole team when he
said: "I am embarrassed. I don't
want to be remembered as part of
the first team which did not win a
game in New Zealand."

The spirit of this Lions parly was
symbolised by their captain Andy
Farrell, suffering from serious leg
and side injuries and requiring pain-
killing injections of such strength
before the game that the team doc-
tor refused him a further jab at linlf-
linie. Ycl the 21-year-old plnyert for
the whole 80 minutes.

New Zealand have proved under
their own inspirational captaiu
Matthew Ridge to be a fine team,
but Great Britain would bnck them-
selves to beat tiie Kiwis with a full-
strength side, especially at home.

Robbed of seven first-choice
tourists for a variety of reasons, (hey
performed close to their maximum
in tlie first Test in Auckland, when
•hey dominated the first half and re-
tained a healthy lead until the sin-
binning uf Adrian Moricy.

They also led fur a large part of
the second Test in Palmerston
North, although this time there
were nu complaints about the 18-15
defeat. However, they went into this
Iasi Test with Farrell, Bobbie Gonld-
ing and Stuart Spruce all requiring
injections, and Alnn Hiinte, Daryl
I I ’"well and Kris Radlinski defying
in* dical advice.

.‘hid (hey scored first, Denis Betts
claiming his third try of an outstand-
ing personal series by exposing his
Auckland Warriors team-niate Marc
Ellis on the bliudside on the sixth
tackle. But their only realistic
chance of avoiding the whitewash
disappeared as they were unable to
hold that lead for more than three
minutes. The right-wing pair,
Radlinski and Hunte, missed their
first tackles of the series for John
Timu to score near the posts.

New Zealand did not score again
for 20 minutes but there was no

Gordon Lyle at Annleaiand

BETTER late than never, Tim
Gavin set foot on British soil on
Monday after missing the Aus-
tralians’ 1991 World Cup triumph
here after being injured close to that
squad’s departure.

Gavin, aged 32, has been called
up ns replacement for Mark Con-
nors, the Queensland No 8 who had
been in line for a Test debut qgainst
Scotland on Saturday until suffering
medial ligament damage in the dos-
ing stages of the tourists’ 37-19 vic-
tory over Glasgow-Edinburgh at
Anniesland.

With Connors and Daniel Manu
added to an injury list that included
Jason Little and David Glffin, die
Wallaby coach Greg Smith is calling
home for furdier replacements and
arguing for tour parties to be more
or less open-ended.

The best of Australia’s five tries
came just before half-time when

doubt they were the more danger
ous side. The scrum-half Stacey
Jones eventually did the spadework
for his side’s second try with a sear-
ing midfield break that farced the
Uons back on to their own line. The
defence showed a first, worrying
side of tiredness as the right centre
Ruben Wiki dummied through to
give New Zealand a lead that they
extended to 20-6 at half-time
through two breakaway tries.

Great Britain were threatening
when in the 36th minute Goulding
chose to run on the sixth tackle and
fired a long pass to the unmarked
Hunte — only for Gene Ngainu to
intercept and run 55 yards to the
posts.

Then another moment of Gould-
ing invention backfired as he tried
to hnnd-hall his own chip to his half-
back partner Karle Hammond; this
time Timu gathered the bull and
linked with Ngamu, who sent Sean
Hoppe over.

'Die Lions responded admirably
early in the second half, and lestyn
Harris, surprisingly dropped to
make way for Hammond at stand-
off, made one jinking run h um left
centre only to ruin it with a pass to
nobody. But Harris made amends
with a well-timed short ball that al-
lowed his fellow substitute Moricy
to crash over between the posts.

Spruce kept the Lions eight
points behind and in contention
with a remarkable cover tackle on
Ngamu. but it was a temporary re-
prieve as the Auckland stand-off.
who exerted an increasing influence
on the series, worked a scrum move
for Hoppe to step inside more tired
British defence for his second try.

Ridge buried British hopes with a
G7lh-mimite try, holding off four
British defenders, but then marred
tiie score with a display of (lie less
attractive side of his game as he
taunted Hammond and Powell.

Powell, who announced bis inter-
national retirement before winning
his 33rd cap, lashed out physically
at Ridge and verbally at the touch
judge and the Australian referee
Stephen Clark. He was sin-binned
and then sent off but returned for
tiie last two minutes on the advice of
the fourth official.

stand-off David Knox looped his
inside centre and then got outside
wing David Campese for the
touchdown.

Comprehensively outplayed at
the line-out, Glasgow-Edinburgh
could lltafford self-inflicted wounds,
but Hastings set up a try for Logan
to keep them in contention until for-
ward strength took its inevitable toll
with late touchdowns by Manu and
David Wilson.

• An outstanding performance by
Mike Catt, with four tries in a
33-point haul, guaranteed Bath’s
appearance in the quarter-finals of
the Heiueken European Cup next
week. Bath defeated Treviso 50-27.
Harlequins and Toulouse were two
other high-scoring sides. Harle-
quins trounced Caledonia 56-35 and
Toulouse routed Munster 60-19. In
other matches, Brive saw off Ulster
17-6, Dax beat Pontypridd 22-18,
Wasps defeated Milan 33-23, and
Pau went down to Leinster 23-25.

Longer . . . buck to winning ways

Langer ends
title drought

Michael Britten in Hong Kong

Bernhard ianger

achieved his first victory for
14 months when he overcome u
strong challenge from South
Korea’s Kang Wook-soon to cap-
ture the Alfred Dunhill Masters
here on Sunduy.

The Gerinun won by two
strokes after a closing round of
65 at Fanling for n 17-under-par
total of 267, with Kang (66) fin-
ishing a stroke ahead of the
Australian, Scott Laycock.

South Africa’s Ernie Els (68)
wns joint sixth at 10 under, Seve
Ballesteros took 23rd place (73)
nnd Colin Montgomerie finished
in 3 9 tii after incurring throe
penalty shots at (lie 4lh on his
way to a 7G for 283.

Lunger’s first success since
the European Open in Dublin
during September 1 995 wns his
first with tiie broom-handle put-
ter he first used publicly in Paris
eight weeks ago.

He amassed 25 birdies and tm
eagle on the greens where he
won the 199 1 Hong Kong Open
and, had he not made a mess of
the short 15th in both the third
and fourth rounds, his victory
would have been even more
comprehensive.

Langer took Bbc at the 190-
yard par three on Saturday and
on Sunday, with three strokes in
hand, took a double-bogey five
against Kang’s two to lose his
lead. On both occasions he
found poor lies when missing
the green and was unable to
reach it with recovery chips
from the clinging cow-grass. But
Langer retaliated by holing from
just off the next green for a ninth
birdie whereas the South Korean
found sand and was unable to
make a par four.

Despite a near-miss at the
1 7th and a brave long-range ef-
fort at the last, Kang had to set-
tle for the £33,000 second prize
which ensures he will top the
Aslan PGA order of merit.

"My future could be linked to
the long putter, M said Longer, "It
is only the fourth time I have
used It but It Is so different that
It is good for me, I don't feel the
slightest embarrassment about
using It You don't get paid for
looking good or being stylish,’’

• England's Laura Davies ' ,

missed a three-foot putt at the
third extra play-off hole to lose
out to tiie host country's
Meyuml Hlrase In theibray ; '
Queens Cup In Ineshld, Japan.

Davies, who started the final
■ round four shots behind the '
joint-leader Hirase, had eagled
the pAr-fivc 18th for a 68 while
the Japanese birdled it for a 72.

LIVERPOOL marched into the
quarterfinals of the Cup Win-
ners’ Cup by beating FC Sion
in a 63 thriller at Anfield last week
to record an emphatic 84 victory on
aggregate.

Liverpool went into tiie match
holding a 2-1 first-leg lead over the
accomplished Swiss side. The roof
caved in on the visitors in a six-
minute spell in tiie second half.
Three goals, including two inside a
minute from Robbie Fowler, (lew
past their goalkeeper Lehmann dur-
ing that decisive pimse to settle the
issue as IJverpool continued to
(rack the one European trophy that
has eluded them.

Another English dub to win deci-
sively in Europe last week were
Newcastle United, They brushed
aside 1;< -rone varus 4-0 at St James'
Park in their second-leg lie to
progress u» the quarter-finals of the
Uefu Cup.

Fausliuo Asprilla, deputising fur
(he injured Alan Shearer, was New-
castle's hero. Hie Colombian
missed a number of chances before
netting either side uf half-time.
David Ginnla and l.es Ferdinand
wrapped up the game with a goal
apiece.

But Manchester United's present
slump in form — with their worsi
back-to-back league defeats at home
fur 60 years — dented their Furu-
pean ambitions when they were de-
feated at Old Trafford by
Fencrbahce in their Champions
I-eague tie. A solitary gu.il by Llvir
Bolic, a Turkish-adopted Bosnian,
ended United's -ki-yenr-uld un-
beaten liumc- record in Europe-.

Alex Ferguson's side nuw have at
least to draw against Juventus, the
holders who overwhelmed Rapid Vi-
enna 50 in Turin, on November 20.
and then beat Rapid Vienna in Aus-
tria on December 4 to finish run-
ners-up in Group C and book a place
in tiie quarter-finals.

Definitely out of the competition
are Rangers, who went down 1-0 to
Ajax at lbrox. The Scottish league
champions are still without a point
in Group A after four games and al-
though they have two more games
to play, their interest is now purely
academic.

ENGLAND manager Glen, nod-
dle's decision to include Paul
Gascoigne in the country's squad
for their next World Cup qualifying
game in Georgia at the weekend
has outraged women's group after
recent reports that the player al-
legedly beat up his wife Sheryl in a
Scottish hotel.

"Hoddle has clearly shown that
football and winning a match are
more important than the safety of
women," said Julie Bindel, of Inter-
national Conference on Violence
and Abuse of Women. A born-again
Christian, Hoddle said: "Paul knows
he ha9 to change in tiie long term.
One of (he prime examples that
Jesus spoke about was forgiveness
. in tiie long term, not Just tiie short
term."

SAINTLY, an 8-1 chance, won the
Melbourne Cup by Lwo-and-n-
quarter lengths from Count Chivas,
a 33-1 outsider. Sky beau, at 50-1 , fin-
ished third in the; two-mile race.
Saintly's win gave Sydney trainer
Bart Cummings a record 10th suc-
cess in tiie cup. European horses

finished out of the reckoning, with
Oscar Shindler, the 4-1 Irish
favourite, coming in 15th out of 22.

IN TOKYO, 47-year-old George
Foreman scored a unanimous
points victory over feliow-American
Crawford Grinisley to retain tiie
World Boxing Union heavyweight
title, while the 27-year-old American
Tummy Morrison, who is HIV posi-
tive, recorded a first-round victory
over Marcus Rhode, also of tiie US.
Murrison. who had not fought since
learning he had HIV, said lie had re-
turned to the ring to raise money fur
(he Knockout Aids Foundation.

A TOTAL of 25 urgnuisaliuns had
put in bids to run the planned
Nation nl Academy of Sport —
(untied with up to tltiO million uf
Littery money — when the dead-
line pnssefl Inst week. The new UK
Sports Council nnd Hu* Department
nf National Heritage will now draw
up a short list nf the candidate bids
for the academy, which will have :i
central site Linked to regional cen-
tres. They hn|H' to niuioiiiice a deci-
sion early in (he new year.

GIACOMO I.I:oNK. an Italian
policeman running in only his
fnurtii ninniiliou. won the New York
L ily event un Sunday. He was timed
at 2hr9min 34 sec, with Turbo Tm no
of Fi til hi ul second anil the Kenyan
Jom:|i1) Kamau third. Kenyans also
finished fourth and sixth. Iln- last
Italian to win tiie marathon was
Gianni Pnii, in 1 9813.

Leone: victory salute

SUSSEX have sacked their 35-
year-old captain Alan Wells.- He
has been replaced by the wicket-
keeper-batsman Peter Moores.
Wei Is was appointed captain' in 1992
but he foiled to end the club's
unhappy penchant for unrier-
achievcment.

In 1993 Sussex reached the
NatWest Trophy final but Wells's
tactics were blamed when they Inst
to Warwickshire, despite batting
first and scoring 321 for six. His
man-management also came under
fire from oilier players.

LAND-LOCKED Switzerland is to
compete in the America's Cup
for the first time. Behind the chal-
lenge is the Club Nauliquc de
Morgcs on Lake Geneva. In order
to meet entry requirements, it will
associate itself with a club that
holds its annual regatta on die sea.

Rugby Union Glasgow-Edinburgh 1 9 Australians 37

Gavin takes the high road

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Full text of "The Guardian , 1996, UK, English"

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